%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software %%Title: fourier.dvi %%Pages: 33 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 %%DocumentFonts: CMSY10 CMSY7 CMR12 CMR8 CMMI8 CMR6 CMMI6 CMMI12 MSBM10 %%+ CMEX10 CMSY8 TeX-cmex8 CMSY6 CMMI10 CMR10 %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips fourier.dvi -o fourier.ps %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2006.05.22:1018 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro %! /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round exch round 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All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY6) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY6 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{-4 -948 1329 786}readonly def /UniqueID 5000816 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052F09F9C8ADE9D907C058B87E9B6964 7D53359E51216774A4EAA1E2B58EC3176BD1184A633B951372B4198D4E8C5EF4 A213ACB58AA0A658908035BF2ED8531779838A960DFE2B27EA49C37156989C85 E21B3ABF72E39A89232CD9F4237FC80C9E64E8425AA3BEF7DED60B122A52922A 221A37D9A807DD01161779DDE7D5FC1B2109839E5B52DFB7605D7BA557CC35D6 49F6EB651B83771034BA0C39DB8D426A24543EF4529E2D939125B5157482688E 9045C2242F4AFA4C489D975C029177CD6497EACD181FF151A45F521A4C4043C2 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(Regular) def /isFixedPitch false def /version (001.001) def end readonly def /FontName /TeX-cmex8 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 80 /P put readonly def /FontBBox {-29 -2957 1554 772} readonly def /UniqueID 4314416 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA06DA87FC7163A5A2A756A598FAB07633 89DE8BAE4F093966CD2192CE95EB0F323A6BABFDACCFCF27D91F7869A0E46CA5 9AAF6905783E8AC1F3F9875A76F97187738432F8D14E61574CB292FFB9740871 66839799D8CAF6E0DFE00012EE6D46A2B3655F29705BE37FD5EDA1C765AA2CF5 C5AD37207ED1EE9DB82FF31A33307FFA16911406557336AF92F50B603C7BD336 73EC060F68318378A6F599DDADA5A21504CADBA1E1F4B1A22962BA1BB39ADC7B E8CC92F196549457877C9636A8A7EFAC1C3745644C0FD151C70B9FAD69B02C1F FE5ED071CA1CF3D4A70909B6A3986687D8FAD2D91A9ED24A74DD3F1FE9EA0B50 D076040D6B144A72A89636F74C32D8EADD4DFBB5CD4844DE4D6818A736438AA7 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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY8 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY8 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:22:10 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY8) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY8 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /.notdef put readonly def /FontBBox{-30 -955 1185 779}readonly def /UniqueID 5000818 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMEX10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMEX10 1.00 %%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:22:48 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.00) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMEX10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMEX10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /parenleftbig put dup 1 /parenrightbig put dup 2 /bracketleftbig put dup 3 /bracketrightbig put dup 12 /vextendsingle put dup 14 /slashbig put dup 20 /bracketleftbigg put dup 21 /bracketrightbigg put dup 40 /braceleftBigg put dup 56 /bracelefttp put dup 58 /braceleftbt put dup 60 /braceleftmid put dup 62 /braceex put dup 80 /summationtext put dup 88 /summationdisplay put dup 104 /bracketleftBig put dup 105 /bracketrightBig put dup 112 /radicalbig put dup 115 /radicalBigg put readonly def /FontBBox{-24 -2960 1454 772}readonly def /UniqueID 5000774 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (2.1) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (MSBM10) readonly def /FamilyName (Euler) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /MSBM10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 67 /C put dup 70 /F put dup 82 /R put dup 91 /hatwide put readonly def /FontBBox{-55 -420 2343 920}readonly def /UniqueID 5031982 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY10 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:20:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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Aug 20 16:39:40 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR12 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR12 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:38:05 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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Fn(\000)p Fw(t)2177 4229 y Fv(1)p Fu(=d)2276 4252 y Fw(=)p Fx(20)2386 4293 y Ft(:)257 4650 y Fz(Applying)52 b(the)h(lo)m(w-degree)g(algorithm)d(with)i Ft(t)62 b Fy(=)g Ft(O)s Fy(\(log)q(\()p Ft(M)5 b(=")p Fy(\))2842 4613 y Fw(d)2882 4650 y Fy(\))52 b Fz(immediately)257 4770 y(yields)33 b(the)f(follo)m(wing)e(learning)h(result.)257 4789 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4789 a 257 4789 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4789 a 257 4789 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4789 a 215 x Fs(Corollary)43 b(2.)h Fz([)920 5004 y SDict begin H.S end 920 5004 a Fz(33)1018 4940 y SDict begin H.R end 1018 4940 a 1018 5004 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.LMN93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1018 5004 a Fz(])39 b Fm(The)f(class)g(of)h Fy(A)m(C)1785 4963 y Fx(0)1863 5004 y Fm(cir)-5 b(cuits)40 b(of)e(depth)h Ft(d)g Fm(and)f(size)h Ft(M)49 b Fm(over)39 b Ft(n)257 5125 y Fm(variables)34 b(is)h(le)-5 b(arnable)33 b(in)i(time)1345 5363 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)1627 5322 y Fx(log)q(\()p Fw(M)s(=")p Fx(\))1911 5299 y Fu(d)1952 5363 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)p eop end %%Page: 10 10 TeXDict begin 10 9 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.10) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 404 573 a Fz(Since)36 b(an)h Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF)h(form)m(ula)e(is)h(computable)g(b)m(y)h (a)g(circuit)e(of)h(size)h Ft(m)26 b Fy(+)e(1)257 693 y Fz(and)40 b(depth)g Fy(2)f Fz(it)g(further)g(follo)m(ws)f(that)h Ft(m)p Fz(-term)g(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)e(are)h(learnable)f(in)257 814 y(time)32 b Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n)761 777 y Fx(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))1036 754 y Fv(2)1076 814 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fz(.)404 935 y(By)40 b(a)g(result)f(due)i(to)e (Kharitono)m(v)g([)1798 935 y SDict begin H.S end 1798 935 a Fz(25)1896 871 y SDict begin H.R end 1896 871 a 1896 935 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.K93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1896 935 a Fz(],)j(Corollary)2430 935 y SDict begin H.S end 2430 935 a Fz(2)2479 871 y SDict begin H.R end 2479 871 a 2479 935 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2479 935 a 39 w Fz(cannot)e(b)s(e)g(signi\034can)m(tly)257 1055 y(impro)m(v)m(ed)c(under)h(a)f(plausible)e(cryptographic)i (assumption.)53 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39 b(as)d(w)m(e)i(will)257 1176 y(see)24 b(in)f(Section)841 1176 y SDict begin H.S end 841 1176 a Fz(3.4)966 1111 y SDict begin H.R end 966 1111 a 966 1176 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 966 1176 a Fz(,)i(the)e(exp)s(onen)m(t)i Ft(d)d Fz(can)h(b)s(e)g(reduced)i(to)d Ft(d)s Fr(\000)s Fy(1)p Fz(.)40 b(This)23 b(will)d(imply)h(that)257 1296 y Ft(m)p Fz(-term)32 b(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)e(are)i(in)e(fact)i(learnable) e(in)h(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n)2751 1260 y Fx(log)r(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))3032 1296 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fz(.)257 1465 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1465 a 257 1465 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1465 a 257 1465 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.3.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1465 a 125 x Fj(3.2)131 b(The)44 b(KM-Algorithm)257 1777 y Fz(F)-8 b(or)25 b(su\036cien)m(tly)i(simple)d(functions)h(it)g (is)g(sometimes)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)g(b)s(ound)h(the)g Fy(1)p Fz(-norm)257 1897 y(of)38 b(the)h(F)-8 b(ourier)37 b(transform.)60 b(A)38 b(nice)g(example)g(pro)m(vide)g(decision)g (trees,)j(for)d(whic)m(h)257 2017 y(the)29 b Fy(1)p Fz(-norm)e(of)i (the)g(F)-8 b(ourier)27 b(transform)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(b)s(ounded)i(b)m(y) f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)g(no)s(des)257 2138 y(in)e(the)h(tree)f(b) m(y)i(fairly)c(elemen)m(tary)i(metho)s(ds)g([)2006 2138 y SDict begin H.S end 2006 2138 a Fz(30)2104 2074 y SDict begin H.R end 2104 2074 a 2104 2138 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2104 2138 a Fz(].)42 b(So)27 b(supp)s(ose)i(that)e Ft(f)38 b Fz(is)27 b(a)g(Bo)s(olean)257 2258 y(function)32 b(satisfying)1670 2381 y Fr(k)1741 2355 y Fy(^)1720 2381 y Ft(f)11 b Fr(k)1829 2396 y Fx(1)1896 2381 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(k)s(:)257 2559 y Fz(Then)34 b(clearly)-8 b(,)1076 2698 y Fo(X)976 2928 y Fn(j)1011 2911 y Fx(^)996 2928 y Fw(f)7 b Fx(\()p Fw(S)t Fx(\))p Fn(j\024)p Fw("=k)1341 2767 y Fy(^)1319 2793 y Ft(f)k Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1520 2752 y Fx(2)1615 2793 y Fr(\024)55 b Fy(\()p Ft("=k)s Fy(\))2071 2698 y Fo(X)1972 2928 y Fn(j)2006 2911 y Fx(^)1992 2928 y Fw(f)7 b Fx(\()p Fw(S)t Fx(\))p Fn(j\024)p 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pdfmark end 3468 3617 a Fz(])257 3737 y(whic)m(h)39 b(is)e(a)g(k)m(ey)i(ingredien)m(t)e(in)g(their)g(pro)s(of)g(that)h (parit)m(y)f(functions)h(are)f(hard-core)257 3858 y(predicates)43 b(for)f(one-w)m(a)m(y)i(functions.)74 b(The)43 b(algorithm)c(has)k(b)s (een)h(\034rst)f(applied)e(in)257 3978 y(the)c(learning)e(setting)g(b)m (y)j(Kushilevitz)d(and)h(Mansour)h([)2414 3978 y SDict begin H.S end 2414 3978 a Fz(30)2511 3914 y SDict begin H.R end 2511 3914 a 2511 3978 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2511 3978 a Fz(].)55 b(The)37 b(idea)f(b)s(ehind)g(the)257 4098 y(algorithm)26 b(is)j(b)s(est)h(describ)s(ed)g(in)f(terms)g(of)g (the)g(recursiv)m(e)i(pro)s(cedure)f Fy(Co)s(ef)37 b Fz(giv)m(en)29 b(in)257 4219 y(Figure)563 4219 y SDict begin H.S end 563 4219 a Fz(2)612 4154 y SDict begin H.R end 612 4154 a 612 4219 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (figure.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 612 4219 a Fz(,)i(whic)m(h)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(regarded)h(as)g(a)g(depth-\034rst)g (searc)m(h)h(on)e(the)h(binary)g(tree)g(of)257 4339 y(depth)38 b Ft(n)p Fz(.)57 b(Here,)39 b(eac)m(h)f(no)s(de)f(is)g(giv)m(en)g(b)m (y)h(its)f(lev)m(el)f Ft(k)j Fr(2)c Fy([)p Ft(n)p Fy(])j Fz(and)f(a)g(set)g Ft(S)42 b Fr(\022)35 b Fy([1)p Ft(;)17 b(k)s Fy(])p Fz(,)257 4459 y(where)28 b(w)m(e)f(use)f(the)h(notation)d Fy([)p Ft(m;)17 b(n)p Fy(])27 b Fz(to)e(describ)s(e)i(the)f(set)h Fr(f)p Ft(m;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(n)p Fr(g)p Fz(.)41 b(In)26 b(eac)m(h)h(no)s(de)257 4580 y Fy(\()p Ft(S;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))33 b Fz(w)m(e)g(consider)g(the)g(sum)1255 4820 y Ft(C)7 b Fy(\()p Ft(S;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))27 b(=)1793 4725 y Fo(X)1697 4941 y Fw(T)10 b Fn(\022)p Fx([)p Fw(k)r Fx(+1)p Fw(;n)p Fx(])2071 4794 y Fy(^)2050 4820 y Ft(f)g Fy(\()p Ft(S)28 b Fr([)23 b Ft(T)14 b Fy(\))2432 4779 y Fx(2)2471 4820 y Ft(:)257 5147 y Fz(If)36 b Ft(k)g Fy(=)d Ft(n)p Fz(,)k(then)f Fy(Co)s(ef)43 b Fz(has)36 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Ft(T)14 b Fy(\))36 b(=)k(^)-53 b Ft(g)t Fy(\()p Ft(T)14 b Fy(\))p Fz(.)58 b(No)m(w,)39 b(b)m(y)f(using)g(P)m(arsev)-5 b(al's)38 b(iden)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(w)m(e)h(can)257 4460 y(express)c Ft(C)7 b Fy(\()p Ft(S;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))33 b Fz(as)591 4693 y Ft(C)7 b Fy(\()p Ft(S;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))27 b(=)1129 4598 y Fo(X)1033 4814 y Fw(T)10 b Fn(\022)p Fx([)p Fw(k)r Fx(+1)p Fw(;n)p Fx(])1389 4693 y Fy(^)-53 b Ft(g)t Fy(\()p Ft(T)14 b Fy(\))1583 4652 y Fx(2)1649 4693 y Fy(=)28 b Ft(E)1825 4708 y Fw(x)1869 4693 y Fy([)p Ft(g)t Fy(\()p Ft(x)p Fy(\))2078 4652 y Fx(2)2117 4693 y Fy(])g(=)g Ft(E)2348 4708 y Fw(x)2392 4612 y Fo(\002)2433 4693 y Ft(E)2505 4708 y Fw(y)2547 4693 y Fy([)p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(y)t(x)p Fy(\))p Ft(\037)2877 4708 y Fw(S)2927 4693 y Fy(\()p Ft(y)t Fy(\)])3082 4652 y Fx(2)3120 4612 y Fo(\003)257 5027 y Fz(for)52 b(uniformly)f(c)m(hosen)j Ft(x)62 b Fr(2)h(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)1711 4991 y Fw(n)p Fn(\000)p Fw(k)1903 5027 y Fz(and)52 b Ft(y)66 b Fr(2)c(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)2596 4991 y Fw(k)2637 5027 y Fz(.)104 b(By)53 b(applying)f(the)257 5147 y(Cherno\033-Ho)s(e\033ding)33 b(b)s(ound,)h(this)f(means)h(that)f (w)m(e)i(can)e(estimate)g Ft(C)7 b Fy(\()p Ft(S;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))33 b Fz(b)m(y)i(\034rst)257 5268 y(estimating)41 b(the)i(inner)g(exp)s(ectation)g(for)f(a)h(small)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j (of)g(random)f(su\036xes)j Ft(x)257 5388 y Fz(and)36 b(then)g(estimate)f(the)h(outer)g(exp)s(ectation)f(as)h(the)g(a)m(v)m (erage)g(sum)g(of)f(the)h(squared)p eop end %%Page: 12 12 TeXDict begin 12 11 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.12) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fz(estimates)31 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b(the)h(set)h(satis\034es)f Fr(j)1670 1269 y Fy(^)1649 1295 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))p Fr(j)36 b Fy(=)g(\012\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))p Fz(,)k(whic)m(h)e(b)m(y)g (P)m(arsev)-5 b(al's)38 b(iden)m(tit)m(y)257 1416 y(implies)33 b(that)h(the)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)f(frequencies)j(in)d(the)h (returned)h(collection)d(is)h(at)h(most)257 1536 y Ft(O)s Fy(\(1)p Ft(=\022)519 1500 y Fx(2)558 1536 y Fy(\))p Fz(.)257 1561 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1561 a 257 1561 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1561 a 257 1561 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1561 a 155 x Fs(Lemma)62 b(3.)53 b Fz([)846 1716 y SDict begin H.S end 846 1716 a Fz(30)944 1652 y SDict begin H.R end 944 1652 a 944 1716 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 944 1716 a Fz(])i Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)54 b(is)h(a)f(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)53 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)g(that)g(for)g(e)-5 b(ach)257 1837 y(Bo)g(ole)g(an)46 b(function)i Ft(f)58 b Fm(and)47 b(thr)-5 b(eshold)47 b Ft(\022)54 b(>)d Fy(0)p Fm(,)f Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(;)17 b(\016)n(;)g(f)11 b Fy(\))48 b Fm(outputs)g(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(abil-)257 1957 y(ity)41 b Fy(1)27 b Fr(\000)f Ft(\016)45 b Fm(a)40 b(c)-5 b(ol)5 b(le)-5 b(ction)40 b Ft(G)e Fr(\022)g Fy(2)1480 1921 y Fx([)p Fw(n)p Fx(])1607 1957 y Fm(of)i(size)g Ft(O)s Fy(\(1)p Ft(=\022)2184 1921 y Fx(2)2222 1957 y Fy(\))h Fm(c)-5 b(ontaining)39 b(al)5 b(l)40 b(fr)-5 b(e)g(quencies)39 b Ft(S)257 2078 y Fm(with)c Fr(j)518 2051 y Fy(^)497 2078 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))p Fr(j)27 b(\025)i Ft(\022)s Fm(.)44 b Ft(A)35 b Fm(runs)g(in)g(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(1)p Ft(=\022)s(;)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 2258 y Fz(As)25 b(observ)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f (Jac)m(kson)h([)1444 2258 y SDict begin H.S end 1444 2258 a Fz(19)1541 2194 y SDict begin H.R end 1541 2194 a 1541 2258 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.J97) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1541 2258 a Fz(])f(the)f(algorithm)d(of)j (Lemma)2631 2258 y SDict begin H.S end 2631 2258 a Fz(3)2680 2194 y SDict begin H.R end 2680 2194 a 2680 2258 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2680 2258 a 24 w Fz(can)h(also)e(b)s(e)h(applied)257 2379 y(to)h(real-v)-5 b(alued)24 b(functions)h Ft(f)d Fy(:)33 b Fr(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)1643 2342 y Fw(n)1716 2379 y Fr(!)28 b Fp(R)p Fz(.)41 b(In)25 b(this)g(case,)j (the)d(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)f(recursiv)m(e)257 2499 y(calls)h(of)g(the) g(pro)s(cedure)i Fy(Co)s(ef)33 b Fz(is)26 b(b)s(ounded)h(b)m(y)h Fr(k)p Ft(f)11 b Fr(k)p Ft(n=\022)2338 2463 y Fx(2)2403 2499 y Fz(rather)27 b(than)f Ft(n=\022)3066 2463 y Fx(2)3106 2499 y Fz(.)41 b(F)-8 b(urther)257 2619 y(notice)36 b(that)f(the)h (con\034dence)h(in)e(the)h(Cherno\033-Ho)s(e\033ding)f(b)s(ound)g(dep)s (ends)i(on)f(the)257 2740 y(range)h(of)g(the)g(random)f(v)-5 b(ariables)36 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3357 y Fn(1)490 3342 y Fz(.)44 b(Let)33 b(us)g(state)g(this)f(extension)h(to)f(real-v)-5 b(alued)31 b(functions)i(for)f(later)f(use.)257 3367 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3367 a 257 3367 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3367 a 257 3367 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3367 a 155 x Fs(Lemma)36 b(4.)41 b Fz([)808 3522 y SDict begin H.S end 808 3522 a Fz(19)905 3458 y SDict begin H.R end 905 3458 a 905 3522 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.J97) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 905 3522 a Fz(])34 b Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)33 b(is)g(a)h(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)32 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)f(that)h(for)g(e)-5 b(ach)33 b(func-)257 3643 y(tion)40 b Ft(f)22 b Fy(:)35 b Fr(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)838 3606 y Fw(n)920 3643 y Fr(!)37 b Fp(R)i Fm(satisfying)h Fr(k)p Ft(f)11 b Fr(k)1766 3658 y Fn(1)1876 3643 y Fr(\024)38 b Ft(k)k Fm(and)e(thr)-5 b(eshold)39 b Ft(\022)g(>)e Fy(0)p Fm(,)k Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(;)17 b(\016)n(;)g(k)s(;)g(f)11 b Fy(\))257 3763 y Fm(outputs)35 b(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)34 b Fy(1)20 b Fr(\000)g Ft(\016)38 b Fm(a)c(c)-5 b(ol)5 b(le)-5 b(ction)33 b Ft(G)28 b Fr(\022)g Fy(2)2300 3727 y Fx([)p Fw(n)p Fx(])2420 3763 y Fm(c)-5 b(ontaining)33 b(al)5 b(l)33 b(fr)-5 b(e)g(quencies)257 3883 y Ft(S)41 b Fm(with)35 b Fr(j)619 3857 y Fy(^)598 3883 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))p Fr(j)27 b(\025)h Ft(\022)s Fm(.)45 b Ft(A)35 b Fm(runs)g(in)f(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)s(;)g Fy(1)p Ft(=\022)s(;)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 4064 y Fz(Coming)22 b(bac)m(k)j(to)e(Bo)s (olean)g(functions)h Ft(f)38 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(B)2120 4079 y Fw(n)2191 4064 y Fz(satisfying)23 b Fr(k)2688 4038 y Fy(^)2667 4064 y Ft(f)10 b Fr(k)2775 4079 y Fx(1)2842 4064 y Fr(\024)29 b Ft(k)s Fz(,)c(w)m(e)g(can)f(use)257 4184 y(the)k(algorithm)d(of)i(Lemma)1309 4184 y SDict begin H.S end 1309 4184 a Fz(3)1358 4120 y SDict begin H.R end 1358 4120 a 1358 4184 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1358 4184 a 27 w Fz(to)g(\034nd)h(a)g(small)d(collection)g Ft(G)j Fz(con)m(taining)e(all)f(frequen-)257 4305 y(cies)35 b Ft(S)k Fz(for)34 b(whic)m(h)g Fr(j)1023 4278 y Fy(^)1002 4305 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))p Fr(j)29 b(\025)i Ft("=k)36 b Fz(in)d(time)g Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)s(;)g Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fz(,)34 b(and)g(then)g(use)257 4425 y(the)c(generalized)f(lo)m (w-degree)h(algorithm)c(on)k Ft(G)g Fz(to)f(output)h(an)f Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fz(-appro)m(ximation)257 4545 y(of)47 b Ft(f)11 b Fz(.)88 b(This)47 b(algorithm)d(is)j(kno)m(wn) i(as)e(the)h Fm(Kushilevitz-Mansour)f(algorithm)p Fz(,)k(or)257 4666 y(simply)31 b Fm(KM-algorithm)p Fz(,)h(and)h(w)m(e)g(state)g(its)f (prop)s(erties)h(in)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)c(theorem.)257 4685 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4685 a 257 4685 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4685 a 257 4685 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4685 a 161 x Fs(Theorem)k(5.)38 b Fz([)880 4846 y SDict begin H.S end 880 4846 a Fz(30)978 4782 y SDict begin H.R end 978 4782 a 978 4846 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 978 4846 a Fz(])31 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)31 b(e)-5 b(ach)30 b(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)30 b(function)h Ft(f)42 b Fm(satisfying)30 b Fr(k)2764 4820 y Fy(^)2743 4846 y Ft(f)11 b Fr(k)2852 4861 y Fx(1)2919 4846 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(k)s Fm(,)k(the)f(KM-)257 4967 y(algorithm,)e(given)e(inputs)h Ft(k)s Fm(,)i Ft(")p Fm(,)f Ft(\016)j Fm(and)c(or)-5 b(acle)27 b(ac)-5 b(c)g(ess)27 b(to)i Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)29 b(outputs)g(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)257 5087 y Fy(1)22 b Fr(\000)h Ft(\016)39 b Fm(an)34 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)32 b(of)j Ft(f)45 b Fm(in)35 b(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)s(;)g Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(log)o(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 5268 y Fz(As)30 b(already)f(men)m(tioned)g(at)g(the)h(b)s (eginning)e(of)h(this)g(section,)i(an)m(y)f(Bo)s(olean)e(func-)257 5388 y(tion)e Ft(f)38 b Fz(computable)26 b(b)m(y)i(a)f(decision)g(tree) g(with)g Ft(m)g Fz(no)s(des)h(satis\034es)g Fr(k)2840 5362 y Fy(^)2819 5388 y Ft(f)11 b Fr(k)2928 5403 y Fx(1)2994 5388 y Fr(\024)29 b Ft(m)p Fz(.)42 b(Th)m(us,)p eop end %%Page: 13 13 TeXDict begin 13 12 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.13) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fz(the)34 b(KM-algorithm)c(learns)j(decision)g(trees)i(in)d(p)s(olynomial)e (time,)i(although,)h(a)g(dis-)257 693 y(adv)-5 b(an)m(tage)33 b(of)f(this)g(result)h(is)f(that)g(mem)m(b)s(ership)g(queries)h(are)g (needed.)257 713 y SDict begin H.S end 257 713 a 257 713 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 713 a 257 713 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.6) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 713 a 192 x Fs(Corollary)j(6.)41 b Fz([)910 905 y SDict begin H.S end 910 905 a Fz(30)1007 841 y SDict begin H.R end 1007 841 a 1007 905 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1007 905 a Fz(])34 b Fm(The)f(class)f(of)i(de)-5 b(cision)32 b(tr)-5 b(e)g(es)33 b(with)g Ft(m)h Fm(no)-5 b(des)33 b(is)g(le)-5 b(arnable)32 b(with)257 1025 y(memb)-5 b(ership)33 b(queries)i(in)f(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(m;)g Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(log)o(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 1237 y Fz(F)-8 b(or)39 b(some)g(applications,)h(it)f(is)g(more)g(con)m (v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)d(consider)h(the)h Fm(sp)-5 b(arseness)257 1357 y Fz(of)31 b(a)g(Bo)s(olean)f(function)h Ft(f)11 b Fz(.)43 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/Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 819 2229 a Fz(]\))f(that)f(for)g(an)m(y)h Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-sparse)33 b(function)f Ft(f)11 b Fz(,)1419 2377 y Fo(X)1320 2607 y Fn(j)1354 2589 y Fx(^)1340 2607 y Fw(f)6 b Fx(\()p Fw(S)t Fx(\))p Fn(j\024)p Fw("=k)1701 2446 y Fy(^)1679 2472 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1880 2431 y Fx(2)1947 2472 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(")22 b Fy(+)g Ft(")2264 2431 y Fx(2)2303 2472 y Ft(=k)s(:)257 2821 y Fz(Th)m(us,)35 b(the)d(KM-algorithm)d(is)k (applicable)d(to)i Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-sparse)33 b(Bo)s(olean)e(functions.)257 2846 y SDict begin H.S end 257 2846 a 257 2846 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 2846 a 257 2846 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.7) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 2846 a 187 x Fs(Corollary)g(7.)38 b Fz([)902 3033 y SDict begin H.S end 902 3033 a Fz(30)1000 2969 y SDict begin H.R end 1000 2969 a 1000 3033 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KM93) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1000 3033 a Fz(])30 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)29 b(e)-5 b(ach)29 b Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fm(-sp)-5 b(arse)28 b(function)i Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)30 b(the)g(KM-algorithm)f(given)257 3153 y(inputs)36 b Ft(k)s Fm(,)f Ft(")p Fm(,)g Ft(\016)40 b Fm(and)35 b(or)-5 b(acle)34 b(ac)-5 b(c)g(ess)35 b(to)g Ft(f)47 b Fm(outputs)36 b(an)f Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)32 b(of)j Ft(f)47 b Fm(in)257 3274 y(time)35 b Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)s(;)g Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(log)o(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 3485 y Fz(Mansour)48 b([)850 3485 y SDict begin H.S end 850 3485 a Fz(36)948 3421 y SDict begin H.R end 948 3421 a 948 3485 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.M95) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 948 3485 a Fz(])f(sho)m(w)m(ed)j(that)d (eac)m(h)i(DNF)e(with)h(terms)f(of)g(size)h(at)f(most)g Ft(d)h Fz(is)257 3606 y Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-sparse)56 b(for)e Ft(k)70 b Fy(=)c Ft(d)1311 3570 y Fw(O)r Fx(\()p Fw(d)11 b Fx(log)r(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\)\))1722 3606 y Fz(.)112 b(By)55 b(an)h(argumen)m(t)e(attributed)h(to)g(W)-8 b(ar-)257 3726 y(m)m(uth)46 b(in)g([)683 3726 y SDict begin H.S end 683 3726 a Fz(44)780 3662 y SDict begin H.R end 780 3662 a 780 3726 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.V90) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 780 3726 a Fz(],)k(ev)m(ery)e Ft(m)p Fz(-term)d(DNF)h(is)g Ft(")p Fz(-close)f(to)h(a)g(DNF)g(with)f (terms)h(of)g(size)257 3847 y(at)28 b(most)g Fy(log)q(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))g Fz(\(b)m(y)h(simply)d(ignoring)g(all)g(terms)i(of)g (size)g(larger)f(than)i Fy(log)q(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))p Fz(\).)257 3967 y(Hence,)57 b(an)51 b Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF)h Ft(f)62 b Fz(is)50 b Ft(")p Fz(-close)g(to)g(a)h Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-sparse)51 b(function)f(for)g Ft(k)62 b Fy(=)257 4087 y(\(log)q(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\)\))715 4051 y Fw(O)r Fx(\(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))13 b(log)q(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\)\))1399 4087 y Fy(=)32 b(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))1763 4051 y Fw(O)r Fx(\(log)12 b(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))h(log)q(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\)\))2517 4087 y Fz(,)36 b(whic)m(h)g(b)m(y)g(the)f (triangle)257 4208 y(inequalit)m(y)d(implies)e(that)i Ft(f)43 b Fz(itself)32 b(is)g Fy(\()p Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Ft(;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-sparse.)257 4233 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4233 a 257 4233 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4233 a 257 4233 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.8) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4233 a 186 x Fs(Corollary)28 b(8.)36 b Fz([)897 4419 y SDict begin H.S end 897 4419 a Fz(36)995 4355 y SDict begin H.R end 995 4355 a 995 4419 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.M95) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 995 4419 a Fz(])27 b Fm(The)g(class)g(of)g Ft(m)p Fm(-term)h(DNF)f (formulas)f(is)i(le)-5 b(arnable)26 b(with)h(mem-)257 4540 y(b)-5 b(ership)34 b(queries)h(in)f(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))1842 4504 y Fx(log)c(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))g(log)q(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\))2486 4540 y Ft(;)k Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)257 4713 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4713 a 257 4713 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4713 a 257 4713 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.3.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4713 a 126 x Fj(3.3)131 b(The)44 b(Harmonic)g(Siev)l(e)257 5027 y Fz(In)23 b(the)g(last)f(section)h(w)m(e)h(describ)s(ed)f(a)f (quasip)s(olynomial-time)17 b(learning)k(algorithm)f(for)257 5147 y(DNF)32 b(form)m(ulas)e(based)i(on)f(the)h(sparseness)i(of)c (these)j(functions.)43 b(Another)32 b(prop)s(ert)m(y)257 5268 y(of)38 b(the)g(F)-8 b(ourier)37 b(transform)g(of)g Ft(m)p Fz(-term)h(DNF)g(is)f(that)h(the)g Fr(1)p Fz(-norm)f(can)h(b)s (e)g(lo)m(w)m(er)257 5388 y(b)s(ounded)i(in)e(terms)h(of)g Ft(m)g Fz([)1329 5388 y SDict begin H.S end 1329 5388 a Fz(4)1378 5324 y SDict begin H.R end 1378 5324 a 1378 5388 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BFJKMR94) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1378 5388 a Fz(].)63 b(This)40 b(prop)s(ert)m(y)f(pro)m(vides)h(the)g(basis)f(for)f(Jac)m(kson's)p eop end %%Page: 14 14 TeXDict begin 14 13 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.14) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fz(celebrated)39 b(p)s(olynomial-time)34 b(learning)j(algorithm)e(for)j(DNF)h(form)m (ulas)e(whic)m(h)i(w)m(e)257 693 y(presen)m(t)c(in)c(this)i(section.)43 b(So,)33 b(for)f(a)g(Bo)s(olean)f(function)h Ft(f)43 b Fz(satisfying)1652 905 y Fr(k)1723 879 y Fy(^)1702 905 y Ft(f)10 b Fr(k)1810 920 y Fn(1)1913 905 y Fr(\025)28 b Ft(\015)5 b(;)257 1117 y 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0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.J97) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1244 4301 a Fz(]\))37 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)37 b(e)-5 b(ach)36 b(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)36 b(function)h Ft(f)49 b Fm(satisfying)37 b(for)g(al)5 b(l)37 b(dis-)257 4422 y(tributions)42 b Ft(D)i Fm(the)e(b)-5 b(ound)41 b Fr(k)1359 4395 y Fy(^)1338 4422 y Ft(f)1386 4437 y Fw(D)1450 4422 y Fr(k)1500 4437 y Fn(1)1614 4422 y Fr(\025)g Ft(\015)5 b Fm(,)43 b(the)e(Harmonic)g(Sieve)g(on)g(inputs)g Ft(")p Fm(,)i Ft(\015)5 b Fm(,)43 b Ft(\016)257 4542 y Fm(and)35 b(or)-5 b(acle)35 b(ac)-5 b(c)g(ess)35 b(to)g Ft(f)47 b Fm(outputs)36 b(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)35 b Fy(1)23 b Fr(\000)g Ft(\016)39 b Fm(an)c Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)257 4663 y(of)35 b Ft(f)45 b Fm(in)35 b(time)g Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(1)p Ft(=\015)5 b(;)17 b Fy(log)o(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 4853 y Fz(Jac)m(kson)39 b([)801 4853 y SDict begin H.S end 801 4853 a Fz(19)899 4788 y SDict begin H.R end 899 4788 a 899 4853 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.J97) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 899 4853 a Fz(])f(sho)m(w)m(ed)h(that)f(for)g(ev)m(ery)h Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF)g Ft(f)48 b Fz(and)38 b(for)g(all)e(distribu-)257 4973 y(tions)42 b Ft(D)i Fz(on)e Fr(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)1018 4937 y Fw(n)1106 4973 y Fz(it)41 b(holds)h(that)g Fr(k)1770 4947 y Fy(^)1749 4973 y Ft(f)1797 4988 y Fw(D)1860 4973 y Fr(k)1910 4988 y Fn(1)2029 4973 y Fy(=)h(max)2330 4988 y Fw(S)2397 4973 y Fr(j)p Ft(E)2497 4988 y Fw(D)2561 4973 y Fy([)p Ft(f)11 b(\037)2708 4988 y Fw(S)2759 4973 y Fy(])p Fr(j)44 b(\025)g Fy(1)p Ft(=)p Fy(\(2)p Ft(m)28 b Fy(+)g(1\))p Fz(.)257 5093 y(Hence,)47 b(the)c(Harmonic)e(Siev)m(e)i (can)g(b)s(e)g(used)h(to)e(e\036cien)m(tly)h(learn)f(DNF)h(form)m(ulas) 257 5214 y(with)33 b(mem)m(b)s(ership)e(queries.)257 5233 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5233 a 257 5233 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5233 a 257 5233 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.11) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5233 a 257 5297 1296 4 v 370 5358 a Fh(1)407 5289 y SDict begin H.S end 407 5289 a 407 5289 a SDict begin H.R end 407 5289 a 407 5289 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (Hfootnote.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 407 5289 a 99 x FC(In)d([)534 5388 y SDict begin H.S end 534 5388 a FC(19)617 5335 y SDict begin H.R end 617 5335 a 617 5388 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.J97) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 617 5388 a FC(],)f(Jac)n(kson)f(used)h(the)h(F1)g(b)r (o)r(osting)f(algorithm)f(of)i(F)-7 b(reund)27 b([)2572 5388 y SDict begin H.S end 2572 5388 a FC(13)2655 5335 y SDict begin H.R end 2655 5335 a 2655 5388 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.F95) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2655 5388 a FC(].)p eop end %%Page: 18 18 TeXDict begin 18 17 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto 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y Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Ft(=\015)5 b(;)17 b Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 4496 y Fz(Applying)33 b(the)i(IHA)g(b)s(o)s(osting)e(algorithm)e(to)j(the)h(w)m(eak)h (learning)c(algorithm)g(of)257 4616 y(Lemma)615 4616 y SDict begin H.S end 615 4616 a Fz(12)713 4552 y SDict begin H.R end 713 4552 a 713 4616 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.12) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 713 4616 a Fz(,)45 b(w)m(e)e(can)f(exploit)g(the)g(fact)g(that)g(the)h(b)s (o)s(osting)e(algorithm)e(only)j(uses)257 4737 y(distributions)c Ft(D)915 4752 y Fw(i)982 4737 y Fz(with)g Fr(k)p Fy(2)1309 4701 y Fw(n)1356 4737 y Ft(D)1437 4752 y Fw(i)1465 4737 y Fr(k)1515 4752 y Fn(1)1628 4737 y Fy(=)g Ft(O)s Fy(\(1)p Ft(=")p Fy(\))p Fz(.)60 b(This)39 b(yields)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)d (strong)257 4857 y(learning)31 b(result)i Fm(without)42 b Fz(mem)m(b)s(ership)32 b(queries.)257 4876 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4876 a 257 4876 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4876 a 257 4876 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.13) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4876 a 151 x Fs(Theorem)48 b(13.)f Fz([)960 5027 y SDict begin H.S end 960 5027 a Fz(20)1057 4963 y SDict begin H.R end 1057 4963 a 1057 5027 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.JKS02) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1057 5027 a Fz(])d Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)43 b(is)g(a)g(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)42 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)f(that)h(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)257 5147 y(Bo)g(ole)g(an)33 b(function)g Ft(f)45 b Fm(satisfying)34 b(for)f(al)5 b(l)34 b(distributions)f Ft(D)k Fm(with)d Fr(k)p Fy(2)2813 5111 y Fw(n)2859 5147 y Ft(D)s Fr(k)2993 5162 y Fn(1)3095 5147 y Fy(=)28 b Ft(O)s Fy(\(1)p Ft(=")p Fy(\))257 5268 y Fm(the)39 b(b)-5 b(ound)38 b Fy(max)889 5283 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\024)p Fw(t)1076 5268 y Fr(j)1125 5241 y Fy(^)1104 5268 y Ft(f)1152 5283 y Fw(D)1216 5268 y Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))p Fr(j)33 b(\025)i Ft(\015)5 b Fm(,)39 b Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(t;)17 b(\015)5 b(;)17 b(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))37 b Fm(outputs)j(with)e(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)257 5388 y Fy(1)22 b Fr(\000)h Ft(\016)39 b Fm(an)34 b Ft(")p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)33 b(of)h Ft(f)46 b Fm(in)34 b(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)2202 5352 y Fw(t)2232 5388 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Ft(=";)g Fy(1)p Ft(=\015)5 b(;)17 b Fy(log)n(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)p eop end %%Page: 19 19 TeXDict begin 19 18 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.19) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 404 573 a Fz(An)37 b Fy(MA)m(C)799 531 y Fx(0)875 573 y Fz(circuit)g(consists)h(of)f(a)g (ma)5 b(jorit)m(y-gate)35 b(o)m(v)m(er)k(a)e(p)s(olynomial)d(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)257 693 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Fz(20)1082 1702 y SDict begin H.R end 1082 1702 a 1082 1766 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.JKS02) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1082 1766 a Fz(])d Fm(The)g(class)g(of)g Fy(MA)m(C)1957 1724 y Fx(0)2040 1766 y Fm(cir)-5 b(cuits)43 b(of)h(size)f Ft(M)54 b Fm(and)43 b(depth)g Ft(d)h Fm(is)257 1886 y(le)-5 b(arnable)34 b(in)h(time)1251 2007 y Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n)1532 1966 y Fw(O)r Fx(\(log)r(\()p Fw(M)s(=")p Fx(\)\))1927 1942 y Fu(d)p Fk(\000)p Fv(1)2047 2007 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)404 2175 y Fz(By)40 b(Corollary)1002 2175 y SDict begin H.S end 1002 2175 a Fz(14)1100 2111 y SDict begin H.R end 1100 2111 a 1100 2175 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.14) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1100 2175 a 39 w Fz(it)f(immediately)e(follo)m(ws)h(that)i Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)e(are)257 2296 y(learnable)21 b(in)g(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)1260 2260 y Fw(O)r Fx(\(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\)\))1651 2296 y Ft(;)d Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))k Fz(without)g(mem)m(b)s(ership)g(queries.)41 b(Let)257 2416 y(us)31 b(remark)f(that)h(a)f(similar)d(result)j (already)g(has)h(b)s(een)g(obtained)f(b)m(y)h(V)-8 b(erb)s(eurgt)30 b([)3343 2416 y SDict begin H.S end 3343 2416 a Fz(44)3441 2352 y SDict begin H.R end 3441 2352 a 3441 2416 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.V90) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3441 2416 a Fz(],)257 2537 y(though)j(b)m(y)g(using)g(a)f (di\033eren)m(t)g(approac)m(h.)404 2657 y(An)41 b(algorithm)e(similar)f (to)j(the)h(one)f(in)g(Theorem)2391 2657 y SDict begin H.S end 2391 2657 a Fz(13)2488 2593 y SDict begin H.R end 2488 2593 a 2488 2657 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.13) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2488 2657 a 42 w Fz(can)h(also)e(b)s(e)i(applied)e(in)257 2777 y(the)h(mo)s(del)e(of)h Fm(statistic)-5 b(al)42 b(queries)48 b Fz([)1666 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Fz(28)1173 3195 y SDict begin H.R end 1173 3195 a 1173 3259 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KL02) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1173 3259 a Fz(].)70 b(This)41 b(has)h(b)s(een)f(impro)m(v)m(ed)g(to)g Ft(\034)2564 3223 y Fn(\000)p Fx(1)2702 3259 y Fy(=)h Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))e Fz(in)g([)3343 3259 y SDict begin H.S end 3343 3259 a Fz(31)3441 3195 y SDict begin H.R end 3441 3195 a 3441 3259 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.L05a) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3441 3259 a Fz(].)257 3379 y(In)m(terestingly)-8 b(,)50 b(learning)45 b Ft(m)p Fz(-term)h(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)e Fm(r)-5 b(e)g(quir)g(es)54 b Ft(n)2717 3343 y Fx(\012\(log)r(\()p Fw(m)p Fx(\)\))3082 3379 y Fz(statistical)257 3500 y(queries)34 b(as)e(long)g(as)h(the)f(tolerance)h(is)f(su\036cien)m(tly)h(large)e([) 2473 3500 y SDict begin H.S end 2473 3500 a Fz(4)2522 3435 y SDict begin H.R end 2522 3435 a 2522 3500 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BFJKMR94) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2522 3500 a Fz(].)257 3658 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3658 a 257 3658 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3658 a 257 3658 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.3.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3658 a 124 x Fj(3.5)131 b(Problems)257 3967 y Fz(Let)36 b(us)f(close)g(this)g(section)g(b)m(y)h (highligh)m(ting)c(some)j(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e(problems)h(and)h(sug-)257 4088 y(gestions)47 b(for)f(further)h(researc)m(h)h(concerning)e(the)h (learnabilit)m(y)d(of)i(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)257 4208 y(without)38 b(mem)m(b)s(ership)g(queries.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)38 b(the)h(sak)m(e)g(of)f (clarit)m(y)g(of)f(exp)s(osition)h(w)m(e)h(omit)257 4328 y(the)33 b(reference)h(to)f(the)g(parameters)f Ft(")g Fz(and)h Ft(\016)t Fz(.)404 4449 y(Clearly)-8 b(,)37 b(the)h(ultimate)d(goal)h(is)h(to)g(ac)m(hiev)m(e)h(the)g(analogue)e (of)h(Jac)m(kson's)i(learn-)257 4569 y(abilit)m(y)31 b(result)h(for)g(DNF)h(form)m(ulas)e(without)h(using)g(mem)m(b)s (ership)g(queries.)257 4588 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4588 a 257 4588 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4588 a 257 4588 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.15) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4588 a 150 x Fs(Problem)k(15.)42 b Fm(A)n(r)-5 b(e)34 b Ft(m)p Fm(-term)h(DNF)g(formulas)f(le)-5 b(arnable)33 b(in)i(time)g Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(m)p Fy(\))p Fm(?)404 4907 y Fz(Less)33 b(am)m(biguous,)d(but)i(still) e(a)h(ma)5 b(jor)31 b(break-through)g(w)m(ould)h(b)s(e)g(a)f(p)s (olynomial-)257 5027 y(time)54 b(learning)f(algorithm)e(for)k(DNF)f (form)m(ulas)g(with)g(a)h(non-constan)m(t)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)257 5147 y Ft(m)p Fy(\()p Ft(n)p Fy(\))39 b Fz(of)e(terms.)59 b(In)39 b(Section)1430 5147 y SDict begin H.S end 1430 5147 a Fz(4.3)1555 5083 y SDict begin H.R end 1555 5083 a 1555 5147 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.4.3) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1555 5147 a 38 w Fz(w)m(e)g(will)c (presen)m(t)40 b(an)e(algorithm)c(whic)m(h)39 b(ac)m(hiev)m(es)257 5268 y(this)50 b(goal)e(for)h(the)h(sub)s(class)g(of)f(monotone)g(DNF)h (form)m(ulas)e(with)i(running-time)257 5388 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m)g Fy(log)g Ft(n)p Fy(\))961 5352 y Fw(')p Fx(\()p Fw(m)p Fx(\))1129 5388 y Fy(\))32 b Fz(for)g Ft(')p Fy(\()p Ft(m)p Fy(\))c(=)1705 5303 y Fo(p)p 1804 5303 390 4 v 1804 5388 a Ft(m)17 b Fy(log)q(\()p Ft(m)p Fy(\))p Fz(.)257 5419 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5419 a 257 5419 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5419 a 257 5419 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.16) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5419 a eop end %%Page: 20 20 TeXDict begin 20 19 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.20) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fs(Problem)66 b(16.)55 b Fm(Is)k(the)g(class)f(of)h Ft(m)p Fm(-term)g(DNF)g(formulas) f(le)-5 b(arnable)58 b(in)g(time)257 693 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m)g Fy(log)g Ft(n)p Fy(\))961 657 y Fw(')p Fx(\()p Fw(m)p Fx(\))1129 693 y Fy(\))p Ft(;)35 b Fm(wher)-5 b(e)34 b Ft(')h Fm(do)-5 b(es)34 b(not)h(dep)-5 b(end)33 b(on)i Ft(n)p Fm(?)404 892 y Fz(In)i(Section)876 892 y SDict begin H.S end 876 892 a Fz(3.4)1001 828 y SDict begin H.R end 1001 828 a 1001 892 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.3.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1001 892 a 37 w Fz(w)m(e)h(sa)m(w)g(that)f Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF)i (form)m(ulas)d(are)i(learnable)f(in)h(time)257 1012 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)539 976 y Fx(log)13 b Fw(m)709 1012 y Fy(\))p Fz(.)42 b(This)31 b(is)f(the)h(b)s(est)g(kno)m(wn)h 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a 180 x Fs(Problem)42 b(17.)i Fm(Is)39 b(the)g(class)g(of)g(de)-5 b(cision)38 b(tr)-5 b(e)g(es)40 b(with)f Ft(m)h Fm(no)-5 b(des)38 b(le)-5 b(arnable)38 b(in)h(time)257 1813 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m)g Fy(log)g Ft(n)p Fy(\))961 1777 y Fw(')p Fx(\()p Fw(m)p Fx(\))1129 1813 y Fy(\))p Ft(;)35 b Fm(wher)-5 b(e)34 b Ft(')h Fm(do)-5 b(es)34 b(not)h(dep)-5 b(end)33 b(on)i Ft(n)p Fm(?)404 2012 y Fz(As)28 b(w)m(e)h(will)c(see)k(in)e(section)1444 2012 y SDict begin H.S end 1444 2012 a Fz(4.4)1569 1948 y SDict begin H.R end 1569 1948 a 1569 2012 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.4.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1569 2012 a Fz(,)i(the)f(sub)s(class)g(of)g(monotone)f(decision) g(trees)i(with)257 2132 y Ft(m)k Fz(no)s(des)g(is)f(learnable)g(in)f (time)h Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(m)p Fy(\))p Fz(.)257 2307 y SDict begin H.S end 257 2307 a 257 2307 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 2307 a 257 2307 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest 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(since)f(in)e(this)h(case,)j(the)257 3406 y(in\035uence)36 b(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(of)g(the)h(individual)c(v)-5 b(ariables)34 b Ft(x)2166 3421 y Fx(1)2206 3406 y Ft(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(x)2479 3421 y Fw(n)2562 3406 y Fz(constitute)35 b(the)g(F)-8 b(ourier)257 3526 y(sp)s(ectrum)33 b(on)g(the)g(singleton)e (frequencies)j Fr(f)p Ft(x)2003 3541 y Fx(1)2043 3526 y Fr(g)p Ft(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i Fr(f)p Ft(x)2416 3541 y Fw(n)2463 3526 y Fr(g)p Fz(.)404 3646 y(In)37 b(this)h(section)f(w)m (e)i(review)f(some)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e(learning)h(results)i(for)f (monotone)257 3767 y(Bo)s(olean)23 b(functions)g(that)h(are)f(based)i (on)e(sensitivit)m(y)h(argumen)m(ts,)h(including)d(Bshout)m(y)257 3887 y(and)37 b(T)-8 b(amon's)37 b([)876 3887 y SDict begin H.S end 876 3887 a Fz(9)925 3823 y SDict begin H.R end 925 3823 a 925 3887 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 925 3887 a Fz(])f(w)m(ork)i(on) f(monotone)f(functions,)h(Serv)m(edio's)h(learnabilit)m(y)c(result)257 4008 y(for)29 b(monotone)f(DNF)h([)1116 4008 y SDict begin H.S end 1116 4008 a Fz(40)1214 3943 y SDict begin H.R end 1214 3943 a 1214 4008 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.S04) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1214 4008 a Fz(],)h(and)f(the)g(v)m(ery)h(recen)m(t)h(learning)c(algorithm)f(of)i (O'Donnell)257 4128 y(and)33 b(Serv)m(edio)f(for)g(monotone)f(decision) g(trees)i([)2062 4128 y SDict begin H.S end 2062 4128 a Fz(39)2160 4064 y SDict begin H.R end 2160 4064 a 2160 4128 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ODS06) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2160 4128 a Fz(].)43 b(W)-8 b(e)33 b(start)f(with)g(a)f(discussion)i(of)257 4248 y(the)g(in\035uence)h (and)e(sensitivit)m(y)h(of)f(a)g(Bo)s(olean)f(function)h Ft(f)11 b Fz(.)257 4507 y Fs(In\035uence)39 b(and)f(sensitivit)m(y)257 4591 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4591 a 257 4591 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4591 a 257 4591 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (section*.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4591 a 101 x Fz(The)51 b(concept)g(of)e(in\035uence)i(of)e(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)48 b(on)i(a)f(Bo)s(olean)g(function)g(w)m(as)i(in)m(tro-)257 4812 y(duced)45 b(b)m(y)g(Ben-Or)f(and)f(Linial)e([)1570 4812 y SDict begin H.S end 1570 4812 a Fz(3)1619 4748 y SDict begin H.R end 1619 4748 a 1619 4812 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BL89) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1619 4812 a Fz(].)77 b(Let)44 b Ft(f)54 b Fz(b)s(e)44 b(a)g(Bo)s(olean)e(function)h(on)h Ft(n)g Fz(v)-5 b(ari-)257 4933 y(ables)38 b Ft(x)562 4948 y Fx(1)601 4933 y Ft(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(x)875 4948 y Fw(n)922 4933 y Fz(.)58 b(The)39 b Fm(in\035uenc)-5 b(e)44 b Ft(I)1679 4948 y Fw(j)1716 4933 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))37 b Fz(of)g Ft(x)2059 4948 y Fw(j)2133 4933 y Fz(on)g Ft(f)48 b Fz(is)37 b(de\034ned)i(as)f(the)g(probabil-)257 5053 y(it)m(y)k(that)f (\035ipping)f(the)i 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pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fz(where)37 b Ft(x)g Fz(is)e(uniformly)e(at)j(random)f(c)m(hosen)i(from)d Fr(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)2456 537 y Fw(n)2538 573 y Fz(and)36 b Ft(e)2776 588 y Fw(j)2848 573 y Fz(denotes)h(the)f (as-)257 693 y(signmen)m(t)26 b Fy(0)715 657 y Fw(j)t Fn(\000)p Fx(1)841 693 y Fy(10)939 657 y Fw(n)p Fn(\000)p Fw(j)t Fn(\000)p Fx(1)1163 693 y Fz(.)42 b(The)27 b Fm(total)i (in\035uenc)-5 b(e)33 b Fz(of)25 b Ft(f)37 b Fz(is)25 b(de\034ned)j(as)e Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b(=)3096 619 y Fo(P)3201 722 y Fw(j)3254 693 y Ft(I)3297 708 y Fw(j)3334 693 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))p Fz(.)257 814 y(It)38 b(is)f(easy)h(to)g(see)g(that)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))36 b Fz(equals)i(the)g(a)m(v)m(erage)h(sensitivit)m(y)e (of)g Ft(f)48 b Fz(on)38 b(all)d(assign-)257 934 y(men)m(ts)28 b Ft(x)g Fr(2)g(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)956 898 y Fw(n)1002 934 y Fz(,)28 b(where)h(the)e Fm(sensitivity)36 b Fz(of)27 b Ft(f)37 b Fz(on)27 b Ft(x)h Fy(=)g(\()p Ft(x)2559 949 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2466 y Fw(j)1344 2451 y Fz(on)g(the)h(ma)5 b(jorit)m(y)31 b(function)h Fy(MAJ)2640 2466 y Fw(n)2719 2451 y Fz(is)1426 2683 y Ft(I)1469 2698 y Fw(j)1506 2683 y Fy(\(MAJ)1756 2698 y Fw(n)1803 2683 y Fy(\))c(=)1972 2603 y Fo(\000)2040 2639 y Fw(n)p Fn(\000)p Fx(1)2018 2718 y Fn(b)p Fw(n=)p Fx(2)p Fn(c)2194 2603 y Fo(\001)16 b(\016)2331 2683 y Fy(2)2380 2642 y Fw(n)p Fn(\000)p Fx(1)2543 2683 y Ft(;)501 2948 y Fz(implying)38 b(that)i Ft(I)8 b Fy(\(MAJ)1433 2963 y Fw(n)1480 2948 y Fy(\))41 b Ft(<)1676 2863 y Fo(p)p 1776 2863 215 4 v 85 x Fy(2)p Ft(n=\031)j Fz(for)c Ft(n)h Fr(\025)h Fy(2)p Fz(.)67 b(In)40 b(fact,)j(it)c(is)h(not)g(hard)501 3068 y(to)35 b(sho)m(w)h(\(e.g.,)g(see)h([)1302 3068 y SDict begin H.S end 1302 3068 a Fz(15)1399 3004 y SDict begin H.R end 1399 3004 a 1399 3068 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.FK96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1399 3068 a Fz(]\))e(that)g(for)g(an)m(y)h(monotone)e Ft(n)p Fz(-ary)h(Bo)s(olean)f(function)501 3189 y Ft(f)11 b Fz(,)35 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))30 b Fr(\024)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\(MAJ)1247 3204 y Fw(n)1294 3189 y Fy(\))34 b Fz(implying)d Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))30 b Ft(<)2093 3104 y Fo(p)p 2193 3104 215 4 v 85 x Fy(2)p Ft(n=\031)t Fz(.)48 b(W)-8 b(e)35 b(will)d(pro)m(v)m(e)j(a)f(sligh)m(tly)501 3309 y(w)m(eak)m(er)h(b)s(ound)d(in)g(Prop)s(osition)1763 3309 y SDict begin H.S end 1763 3309 a Fz(20)1860 3245 y SDict begin H.R end 1860 3245 a 1860 3309 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1860 3309 a Fz(.)403 3534 y Fr(\017)48 b Fz(The)42 b(in\035uence)f(of)g(a)f Ft(k)s Fm(-junta)p Fz(,)j(i.e.,)f(of)f(a)f (function)g Ft(f)52 b Fz(dep)s(ending)41 b(only)f(on)g(a)501 3654 y(\034xed)45 b(set)f Ft(R)g Fz(of)f(at)g(most)g Ft(k)j Fz(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(is)e(clearly)f(b)s(ounded)i(b)m(y)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))46 b Fr(\024)g Ft(k)s Fz(,)501 3775 y(since)33 b(all)e(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b Ft(x)1335 3790 y Fw(j)1404 3775 y Fz(with)h Ft(j)i Fr(62)28 b Ft(R)34 b Fz(ha)m(v)m(e)g(in\035uence)f Ft(I)2576 3790 y Fw(j)2613 3775 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b(=)g(0)p Fz(.)404 3999 y(As)k(has)g(b)s(een)g(observ)m(ed)i(in)d([)1485 3999 y SDict begin H.S end 1485 3999 a Fz(22)1583 3935 y SDict begin H.R end 1583 3935 a 1583 3999 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.KKL88) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1583 3999 a Fz(],)h(the)g(in\035uence)g(of)f Ft(x)2402 4014 y Fw(j)2470 3999 y Fz(on)h(a)f(Bo)s(olean)f(function)i Ft(f)257 4120 y Fz(coincides)f(with)f(the)i(w)m(eigh)m(t)f(of)f(the)i (F)-8 b(ourier)28 b(sp)s(ectrum)i(on)g(all)e(frequencies)j(con)m(tain-) 257 4240 y(ing)h Ft(j)6 b Fz(.)44 b(In)33 b(fact,)g(since)1139 4214 y Fy(^)1118 4240 y Ft(f)1166 4255 y Fn(\010)p Fw(y)1262 4240 y Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))28 b(=)g Ft(\037)1597 4255 y Fw(S)1648 4240 y Fy(\()p Ft(y)t Fy(\))1796 4214 y(^)1776 4240 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))32 b Fz(\(cf.)h(Equation)f(\() 2638 4240 y SDict begin H.S end 2638 4240 a Fz(2)2687 4176 y SDict begin H.R end 2687 4176 a 2687 4240 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2687 4240 a Fz(\))h(in)f(Section)3213 4240 y SDict begin H.S end 3213 4240 a Fz(2)3262 4176 y SDict begin H.R end 3262 4176 a 3262 4240 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3262 4240 a Fz(\),)h(the)257 4360 y(function)f Ft(f)687 4375 y Fw(j)752 4360 y Fy(=)27 b(\()p Ft(f)33 b Fr(\000)23 b Ft(f)1122 4375 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)1210 4385 y Fu(j)1246 4360 y Fy(\))p Ft(=)p Fy(2)32 b Fz(has)h(the)g(co)s(e\036cien)m(ts)369 4664 y Fy(^)348 4690 y Ft(f)396 4705 y Fw(j)433 4690 y Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))27 b(=)737 4590 y(^)716 4616 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))22 b Fr(\000)1059 4590 y Fy(^)1038 4616 y Ft(f)1086 4631 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)1174 4641 y Fu(j)1210 4616 y Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))p 716 4667 637 4 v 1009 4758 a(2)1389 4690 y(=)1524 4596 y(^)1503 4623 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))21 b Fr(\000)i Ft(\037)1886 4638 y Fw(S)1937 4623 y Fy(\()p Ft(e)2020 4638 y Fw(j)2057 4623 y Fy(\))2116 4596 y(^)2095 4623 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))p 1503 4667 793 4 v 1875 4758 a(2)2333 4690 y(=)2436 4520 y Fo(\()2538 4596 y Fy(^)2516 4622 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))p Ft(;)97 b(j)34 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(S)2516 4766 y Fy(0)p Ft(;)249 b Fz(otherwise.)3371 4545 y SDict begin H.S end 3371 4545 a 3371 4545 a SDict begin 17.5 H.A end 3371 4545 a 3371 4545 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (equation.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 3371 4545 a 145 x Fz(\(5\))257 5004 y(F)-8 b(rom)31 b(P)m(arsev)-5 b(al's)33 b(iden)m(tit)m(y)g(it)e(follo) m(ws)h(that)432 5248 y Ft(I)475 5263 y Fw(j)511 5248 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b(=)h Ft(E)6 b Fy([)p Fr(j)p Ft(f)958 5263 y Fw(j)994 5248 y Fr(j)p Fy(])28 b(=)f Ft(E)6 b Fy([)p Ft(f)1344 5207 y Fx(2)1333 5273 y Fw(j)1384 5248 y Fy(])27 b(=)h(2)1591 5207 y Fn(\000)p Fw(n)1709 5154 y Fo(X)1761 5363 y Fw(x)1870 5248 y Ft(f)1918 5263 y Fw(j)1954 5248 y Fy(\()p Ft(x)p Fy(\))2085 5207 y Fx(2)2153 5248 y Fy(=)2256 5154 y Fo(X)2305 5365 y Fw(S)2438 5222 y Fy(^)2417 5248 y Ft(f)2465 5263 y Fw(j)2501 5248 y Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2643 5207 y Fx(2)2710 5248 y Fy(=)2854 5154 y Fo(X)2814 5365 y Fw(S)11 b Fx(:)23 b Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(S)3075 5222 y Fy(^)3054 5248 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))3255 5207 y Fx(2)3294 5248 y Ft(:)257 5500 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5500 a 257 5500 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5500 a 257 5500 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.18) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5500 a eop end %%Page: 22 22 TeXDict begin 22 21 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.22) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(18.)41 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)33 b(function)i Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)1273 836 y Ft(I)1316 851 y Fw(j)1352 836 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)g Fy(\))27 b(=)h Fr(k)p Ft(f)1716 851 y Fw(j)1752 836 y Fr(k)1802 795 y Fx(2)1869 836 y Fy(=)2013 742 y Fo(X)1973 953 y Fw(S)11 b Fx(:)23 b Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(S)2234 810 y Fy(^)2213 836 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2414 795 y Fx(2)2453 836 y Ft(:)257 1211 y Fm(Henc)-5 b(e,)35 b(the)g(total)g(in\035uenc)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b(=)1799 1136 y Fo(P)1904 1240 y Fw(S)1972 1211 y Fr(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)2114 1185 y Fy(^)2094 1211 y Ft(f)k Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))2294 1175 y Fx(2)2333 1211 y Fm(.)404 1467 y Fz(F)-8 b(or)50 b(monotone)g Ft(f)11 b Fz(,)55 b(the)c(in\035uence)h Ft(I)1860 1482 y Fw(j)1896 1467 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))51 b Fz(coincides)f(with)h(the)g(F)-8 b(ourier)50 b(co)s(ef-)257 1599 y(\034cien)m(t)589 1572 y Fy(^)568 1599 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))p Fz(.)106 b(Here)54 b(w)m(e)g(adopt)g(the)f (con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)i(that)e Ft(f)64 b Fz(is)53 b(called)f Fm(monotone)p Fz(,)257 1719 y(if)g(\035ipping)g(an)m(y)i Fy(0)p Fz(-bit)e(in)g Ft(x)i Fz(to)f Fy(1)g Fz(do)s(es)g(not)g(c)m (hange)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)53 b(of)f Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(x)p Fy(\))53 b Fz(from)257 1839 y Fq(true)46 b Fz(to)f Fq(false)g Fz(\(recall)f(that)h Fq(true)h Fz(is)f(represen)m(ted)j(b)m (y)e(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g Fr(\000)p Fy(1)f Fz(and)h Fq(false)257 1960 y Fz(b)m(y)k Fy(1)p Fz(\).)92 b(F)-8 b(or)48 b(a)h(bit)f Ft(b)56 b Fr(2)f(f)p Fy(0)p Ft(;)17 b Fy(1)p Fr(g)48 b Fz(w)m(e)i(use)g Ft(f)1973 1975 y Fw(j;b)2104 1960 y Fz(to)e(denote)i(the)f(Bo)s(olean)f(function)257 2080 y Ft(f)305 2095 y Fw(j;b)388 2080 y Fy(\()p Ft(x)p Fy(\))28 b(=)f Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(x)802 2095 y Fx(1)842 2080 y Ft(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(x)1116 2095 y Fw(j)t Fn(\000)p Fx(1)1243 2080 y Ft(;)g(b;)g(x)1427 2095 y Fw(j)t Fx(+1)1554 2080 y Ft(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(n)p Fy(\))p Fz(.)44 b(No)m(w)33 b(it)e(is)h(easy)i(to)e(see)i(that)1030 2332 y Fr(j)p Ft(f)e Fr(\000)23 b Ft(f)1286 2347 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)1374 2357 y Fu(j)1410 2332 y Fr(j)28 b Fy(=)f(\()p Ft(f)1655 2347 y Fw(j;)p Fx(0)1765 2332 y Fr(\000)c Ft(f)1913 2347 y Fw(j;)p Fx(1)2000 2332 y Fy(\))28 b(=)f(\()p Ft(f)33 b Fr(\000)23 b Ft(f)2436 2347 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)2524 2357 y Fu(j)2560 2332 y Fy(\))p Ft(\037)2659 2347 y Fw(j)2696 2332 y Ft(;)257 2583 y Fz(and)33 b(hence,)h(using)e(\()1038 2583 y SDict begin H.S end 1038 2583 a Fz(5)1087 2519 y SDict begin H.R end 1087 2519 a 1087 2583 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.5) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1087 2583 a Fz(\),)g(the)h(in\035uence)h(of)e Ft(x)1925 2598 y Fw(j)1994 2583 y Fz(ev)-5 b(aluates)33 b(to)262 2920 y Ft(I)305 2935 y Fw(j)341 2920 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))28 b(=)f Ft(E)702 2779 y Fo(\024)764 2846 y Fr(j)p Ft(f)33 b Fr(\000)22 b Ft(f)1020 2861 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)1108 2871 y Fu(j)1145 2846 y Fr(j)p 764 2897 409 4 v 944 2988 a Fy(2)1183 2779 y Fo(\025)1263 2920 y Fy(=)1376 2846 y Ft(E)6 b Fy([)p Ft(f)11 b(\037)1601 2861 y Fw(j)1660 2846 y Fr(\000)23 b Ft(f)1808 2861 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)1896 2871 y Fu(j)1932 2846 y Ft(\037)1993 2861 y Fw(j)2030 2846 y Fy(])p 1376 2897 681 4 v 1692 2988 a(2)2094 2920 y(=)2229 2820 y(^)2208 2846 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))21 b Fr(\000)2531 2820 y Fy(^)2510 2846 y Ft(f)2558 2861 y Fn(\010)p Fw(e)2646 2871 y Fu(j)2682 2846 y Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))p 2208 2897 597 4 v 2482 2988 a(2)2842 2920 y(=)2967 2893 y(^)2946 2920 y Ft(f)2994 2935 y Fw(j)3030 2920 y Fy(\()p Ft(j)g Fy(\))28 b(=)3304 2893 y(^)3283 2920 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))p Ft(:)257 3145 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3145 a 257 3145 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3145 a 257 3145 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.19) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3145 a 88 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(19.)41 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h(monotone)f(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)33 b(function)i Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)1600 3485 y Ft(I)1643 3500 y Fw(j)1679 3485 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)g Fy(\))28 b(=)1966 3459 y(^)1945 3485 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))p Ft(:)257 3748 y Fm(Henc)-5 b(e,)35 b(the)g(total)g(in\035uenc)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b(=)1799 3673 y Fo(P)1904 3777 y Fw(j)1979 3721 y Fy(^)1958 3748 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)c Fy(\))p Fm(.)404 4004 y Fz(Letting)38 b Ft(R)i Fy(=)e Fr(f)p Ft(j)45 b Fr(2)39 b Fy([)p Ft(n)p Fy(])g Fr(j)f Ft(I)1481 4019 y Fw(j)1518 4004 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))38 b Ft(>)h Fy(0)p Fr(g)f Fz(b)s(e)i(the)f(set)h(of)e (relev)-5 b(an)m(t)39 b(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(of)h Ft(f)257 4124 y Fz(and)33 b(denoting)e(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)e(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(b)m(y)i Ft(k)s Fz(,)f(it)f(follo)m (ws)g(from)g(Cauc)m(h)m(y-)257 4244 y(Sc)m(h)m(w)m(arz's)k(inequalit)m (y)d(and)h(P)m(arsev)-5 b(al's)33 b(iden)m(tit)m(y)f(that)730 4508 y Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))916 4467 y Fx(2)983 4508 y Fy(=)1086 4427 y Fo(\000)1149 4413 y(X)1154 4625 y Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(R)1309 4508 y Ft(I)1352 4523 y Fw(j)1389 4508 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)g Fy(\))1524 4427 y Fo(\001)1569 4450 y Fx(2)1636 4508 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(k)1812 4413 y Fo(X)1817 4625 y Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(R)1972 4508 y Ft(I)2015 4523 y Fw(j)2052 4508 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))2187 4467 y Fx(2)2254 4508 y Fy(=)27 b Ft(k)2428 4413 y Fo(X)2433 4625 y Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(R)2610 4482 y Fy(^)2588 4508 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))2769 4467 y Fx(2)2836 4508 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(k)s(:)257 4856 y Fz(Hence)k(the)f(total)d (in\035uence)j(of)f(a)g(monotone)f(function)h(can)h(b)s(e)f(b)s(ounded) h(as)f(follo)m(ws.)257 4856 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4856 a 257 4856 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4856 a 257 4856 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.20) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4856 a 256 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(20.)41 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h(monotone)f Ft(k)s Fm(-junta)h Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)1635 5363 y Ft(I)d Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)1953 5273 y(p)p 2036 5273 55 4 v 90 x Ft(k)s(:)p eop end %%Page: 23 23 TeXDict begin 23 22 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.23) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 257 473 a SDict begin H.S end 257 473 a 257 473 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 473 a 257 473 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.4.1) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 473 a 100 x Fj(4.1)131 b(Monotone)43 b(Bo)t(olean)g(functions)257 758 y Fz(As)i(w)m(e)f(ha)m (v)m(e)h(seen,)j(the)c(lo)m(w-degree)g(algorithm)c(succeeds)47 b(on)c(all)f(targets)h(ha)m(ving)257 878 y(small)36 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)h (on)h(the)g(high)f(frequencies)i(of)e(their)g(F)-8 b(ourier)36 b(sp)s(ectrum.)59 b(As)38 b(w)m(e)h(will)257 998 y(see)h(in)d(the)h (pro)s(of)f(of)h(follo)m(wing)d(prop)s(osition,)j(the)g(high)f (frequency)j(w)m(eigh)m(t)f(can)f(b)s(e)257 1119 y(b)s(ounded)44 b(in)d(terms)i(of)f(the)h(in\035uence.)74 b(Th)m(us,)47 b(a)42 b(small)e(b)s(ound)j(on)f(the)h(in\035uence)257 1239 y(guaran)m(tees)34 b(a)e(go)s(o)s(d)g(p)s(erformance)g(of)g(the)h (lo)m(w-degree)f(algorithm.)257 1258 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1258 a 257 1258 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1258 a 257 1258 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.21) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1258 a 182 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)k(21.) 41 b Fm(L)-5 b(et)36 b Ft(f)45 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)35 b(a)f(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)34 b(function)g(satisfying)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))28 b Fr(\024)g Ft(l)r Fm(.)45 b(Then)1573 1581 y Fo(X)1530 1797 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(l)q(=")1798 1649 y Fy(^)1777 1675 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1978 1634 y Fx(2)2045 1675 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(":)257 1998 y Fs(Pro)s(of.)43 b Fz(W)-8 b(e)31 b(can)f(b)s(ound)h(the)f(high)g (frequency)i(w)m(eigh)m(t)f(for)f(an)m(y)h(b)s(ound)f Ft(t)h Fz(as)f(follo)m(ws.)713 2132 y Fo(X)702 2348 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)906 2201 y Fy(^)884 2227 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1085 2186 y Fx(2)1152 2227 y Fr(\024)1268 2132 y Fo(X)1257 2348 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)1440 2227 y Fr(j)p Ft(S)g Fr(j)1582 2201 y Fy(^)1562 2227 y Ft(f)k Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))1762 2186 y Fx(2)1801 2227 y Ft(=t)28 b Fr(\024)2018 2132 y Fo(X)2066 2344 y Fw(S)2178 2227 y Fr(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)2321 2201 y Fy(^)2300 2227 y Ft(f)k Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))2500 2186 y Fx(2)2539 2227 y Ft(=t)28 b Fy(=)f Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))p Ft(=t:)257 2555 y Fz(Hence,)34 b(the)f(claim)d(follo)m (ws)i(b)m(y)h(c)m(ho)s(osing)f Ft(t)c Fy(=)g Ft(l)r(=")p Fz(.)p 3446 2555 49 49 v 404 2774 a(By)h(applying)e(the)i(lo)m (w-degree)g(algorithm,)d(Prop)s(osition)2576 2774 y SDict begin H.S end 2576 2774 a Fz(21)2673 2710 y SDict begin H.R end 2673 2710 a 2673 2774 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2673 2774 a 29 w Fz(immediately)g(yields)257 2894 y(the)33 b(follo)m(wing)d(theorem.)257 2913 y SDict begin H.S end 257 2913 a 257 2913 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 2913 a 257 2913 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.22) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 2913 a 182 x Fs(Theorem)f(22.)36 b Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)28 b(is)g(a)g(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)27 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)g Fm(such)g(that)h(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)28 b(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)257 3216 y(function)30 b Ft(f)40 b Fm(satisfying)29 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)r Fm(,)j Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(l)r(;)17 b(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E) 6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))29 b Fm(outputs)h(with)g(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)29 b Fy(1)11 b Fr(\000)g Ft(\016)257 3336 y Fm(an)35 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)32 b(for)i Ft(f)46 b Fm(in)34 b(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)2144 3300 y Fw(l)q(=")2238 3336 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 3538 y Fz(By)31 b(Prop)s(osition)1077 3538 y SDict begin H.S end 1077 3538 a Fz(20)1175 3473 y SDict begin H.R end 1175 3473 a 1175 3538 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1175 3538 a Fz(,)g(for)f(a)g(monotone)g(function)g Ft(f)41 b Fz(w)m(e)31 b(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(b)s(ound)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)257 3586 y(p)p 340 3586 59 4 v 72 x Ft(n)q Fz(,)38 b(whic)m(h)h(immediately)34 b(yields)j(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(learning)h(result)h(of)g(Bshout)m(y)i (and)257 3778 y(T)-8 b(amon.)257 3778 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3778 a 257 3778 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3778 a 257 3778 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.23) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3778 a 202 x Fs(Corollary)41 b(23.)i Fz([)973 3980 y SDict begin H.S end 973 3980 a Fz(9)1022 3915 y SDict begin H.R end 1022 3915 a 1022 3980 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1022 3980 a Fz(])37 b Fm(The)g(class)g(of)g (monotone)f(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)36 b(functions)h(is)g(le)-5 b(arnable)37 b(in)257 4100 y(time)e Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n)761 4016 y Fn(p)p 820 4016 43 3 v 48 x Fw(n)o(=")934 4100 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 4301 y Fz(In)36 b(Section)874 4301 y SDict begin H.S end 874 4301 a Fz(4.4)998 4237 y SDict begin H.R end 998 4237 a 998 4301 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.4.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 998 4301 a 36 w Fz(w)m(e)h(will)c(presen)m(t)38 b(an)e(algorithm)c(for)k(monotone) f(Bo)s(olean)f(func-)257 4422 y(tions)26 b(running)h(in)f(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(2)1547 4386 y Fx(\()p Fw(l)q(=")p Fx(\))1691 4362 y Fv(2)1730 4422 y Fy(\))26 b Fz(rather)h(than)g Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n)2584 4386 y Fw(l)q(=")2678 4422 y Fy(\))g Fz(as)g(in)f(Theorem)3371 4422 y SDict begin H.S end 3371 4422 a Fz(22)3468 4358 y SDict begin H.R end 3468 4358 a 3468 4422 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3468 4422 a Fz(.)257 4586 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4586 a 257 4586 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4586 a 257 4586 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.4.2) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4586 a 124 x Fj(4.2)131 b(Monotone)43 b(jun)l(tas)257 4895 y Fz(By)50 b(Prop)s(osition)968 4895 y SDict begin H.S end 968 4895 a Fz(20)1066 4831 y SDict begin H.R end 1066 4831 a 1066 4895 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.20) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1066 4895 a 49 w Fz(w)m(e)g(kno)m(w)g(that)e(the)i(in\035uence)g (of)e(a)h(monotone)f Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)h(is)257 5015 y(b)s(ounded)44 b(b)m(y)812 4930 y Fr(p)p 896 4930 55 4 v 896 5015 a Ft(k)s Fz(.)75 b(Hence,)48 b(the)43 b(algorithm)d(of)j (Theorem)2561 5015 y SDict begin H.S end 2561 5015 a Fz(22)2658 4951 y SDict begin H.R end 2658 4951 a 2658 5015 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.22) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2658 5015 a 43 w Fz(\034nds)i(a)e(lo)m(w)f(degree) 257 5136 y Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fz(-appro)m(ximation)32 b Ft(g)38 b Fz(for)d Ft(f)46 b Fz(in)35 b(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(n)2096 5043 y Fn(p)p 2155 5043 39 3 v 57 x Fw(k)r(=")2266 5136 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fz(.)52 b(Bshout)m(y)36 b(and)g(T)-8 b(a-)257 5256 y(mon)26 b([)495 5256 y SDict begin H.S end 495 5256 a Fz(9)544 5192 y SDict begin H.R end 544 5192 a 544 5256 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 544 5256 a Fz(])g(observ)m(ed)i(that)e(b)m(y)h(ignoring)d(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(of)i(su\036cien)m(tly)h(small)c(in\035uence,)29 b(the)257 5388 y(running-time)i(can)h(b)s(e)h(impro)m(v)m(ed)f(to)h Fy(p)s(oly)q(\()p Ft(k)1976 5295 y Fn(p)p 2035 5295 39 3 v 57 x Fw(k)r(=")2146 5388 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fz(.)p eop end %%Page: 24 24 TeXDict begin 24 23 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.24) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 404 573 a Fz(F)-8 b(or)31 b(a)i(b)s(ound)f Ft(\022)f Fr(\025)d Fy(0)33 b Fz(let)1283 800 y Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))28 b(=)f Fr(f)p Ft(j)34 b Fr(2)28 b Fy([)p Ft(n)p Fy(])g Fr(j)f Ft(I)2069 815 y Fw(j)2106 800 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b Ft(>)h(\022)s Fr(g)257 1028 y Fz(denote)h(the)f(set)h(of)f (v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(ha)m(ving)i(in\035uence)h(greater)f(than)g Ft(\022)s Fz(.)42 b(Then)29 b(it)e(is)h(easy)h(to)257 1148 y(b)s(ound)k(the)g(F)-8 b(ourier)31 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)i(of)e(a)i Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)f(on)g(the)h(frequencies)h(con)m(taining)d(at)h (least)257 1269 y(one)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(of)h(small)e(in\035uence.) 257 1269 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1269 a 257 1269 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1269 a 257 1269 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.24) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1269 a 216 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(24.)41 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h Ft(k)s Fm(-junta)g Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)1573 1630 y Fo(X)1487 1846 y Fw(S)t Fn(6\022)p Fw(R)p Fx(\()p Fw("=k)r Fx(\))1841 1698 y Fy(^)1820 1724 y Ft(f)g Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2021 1683 y Fx(2)2088 1724 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(":)257 2065 y Fs(Pro)s(of.)50 b Fz(Since)35 b(for)g(a)f Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g Fr(j)p Ft(R)q Fr(j)g Fz(of)f(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)35 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(is)i(b)s(ounded)257 2185 y(b)m(y)42 b Ft(k)i 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Ft("=k)s Fz(.)p 3446 2871 49 49 v 404 3104 a(In)d(the)h(follo)m(wing)c (w)m(e)k(will)d(frequen)m(tly)j(consider)f(the)h(collection)d(of)i(all) e(frequencies)257 3224 y Ft(S)39 b Fz(of)33 b(order)h(at)f(most)f Ft(t)i Fz(con)m(taining)e(only)h(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(ha)m(ving)h (in\035uence)h(greater)f(than)257 3345 y Ft(\022)s Fz(,)g(whic)m(h)g(w) m(e)h(denote)f(b)m(y)1222 3572 y Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))28 b(=)g Fr(f)p Ft(S)33 b Fr(\022)28 b Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))g Fr(j)f(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)27 b(\024)h Ft(t)p Fr(g)p Ft(:)257 3800 y Fz(The)44 b(follo)m(wing)39 b(prop)s(osition)h(sho)m(ws)k(that)e(a)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)g Ft(f)53 b Fz(with)42 b(in\035uence)h Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))43 b Fr(\024)i Ft(l)257 3920 y Fz(can)39 b(b)s(e)g Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fz(-appro)m(ximated)c(b)m(y)40 b(taking)d(only)h(the)h(co)s(e\036cien)m(ts)g(corresp)s(onding)g(to)257 4041 y(frequencies)34 b(inside)e Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft("=k)s(;)17 b(l)r(=")p Fy(\))p Fz(.)257 4066 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4066 a 257 4066 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4066 a 257 4066 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.25) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4066 a 191 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(25.)41 b Fm(L)-5 b(et)36 b Ft(f)45 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)35 b(a)f Ft(k)s Fm(-junta)h(satisfying)g Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)r Fm(.)45 b(Then)1549 4407 y Fo(X)1411 4623 y Fw(S)t Fn(62)p Fw(G)p Fx(\()p Fw("=k)r(;l)q(=")p Fx(\))1868 4476 y Fy(^)1847 4502 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2048 4461 y Fx(2)2115 4502 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(2)p Ft(":)257 4837 y Fs(Pro)s(of.)44 b Fz(Using)32 b(Prop)s(ositions)1441 4837 y SDict begin H.S end 1441 4837 a Fz(21)1538 4772 y SDict begin H.R end 1538 4772 a 1538 4837 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1538 4837 a 33 w Fz(and)1761 4837 y SDict begin H.S end 1761 4837 a Fz(24)1858 4772 y SDict begin H.R end 1858 4772 a 1858 4837 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1858 4837 a 33 w Fz(it)f(immediately)e(follo) m(ws)j(that)893 4981 y Fo(X)755 5197 y Fw(S)t Fn(62)p Fw(G)p Fx(\()p Fw("=k)r(;l)q(=")p Fx(\))1212 5050 y Fy(^)1191 5076 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1392 5035 y Fx(2)1458 5076 y Fr(\024)1650 4981 y Fo(X)1563 5197 y Fw(S)t Fn(6\022)p Fw(R)p Fx(\()p Fw("=k)r Fx(\))1918 5050 y Fy(^)1896 5076 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2097 5035 y Fx(2)2158 5076 y Fy(+)2300 4981 y Fo(X)2256 5197 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(l)q(=")2525 5050 y Fy(^)2503 5076 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2704 5035 y Fx(2)2771 5076 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(2)p Ft(":)p 3446 5388 49 49 v eop end %%Page: 25 25 TeXDict begin 25 24 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.25) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 404 573 a Fz(If)29 b Ft(f)39 b Fz(is)29 b(monotone,)g(w)m(e)h(can)f(collect)e(all)g(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(ha)m(ving)h(large)e(in\035uence)j(b)m(y)g(es-)257 693 y(timating)h(the)j(F)-8 b(ourier)32 b(co)s(e\036cien)m(ts)j(of)e (all)e(singleton)h(frequencies.)48 b(More)34 b(precisely)-8 b(,)257 814 y(in)32 b(order)g(to)g(\034nd)h(all)d(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b Ft(x)1533 829 y Fw(j)1603 814 y Fz(ha)m(ving)h (in\035uence)h Ft(I)2366 829 y Fw(j)2402 814 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b Fr(\025)i Ft(\022)s Fz(,)j(w)m(e)i(compute)e (esti-)257 945 y(mates)d Ft(a)587 960 y Fw(j)652 945 y Fz(for)f(the)h(F)-8 b(ourier)27 b(co)s(e\036cien)m(ts)1805 919 y Fy(^)1784 945 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(j)6 b Fy(\))28 b Fz(b)m(y)i(dra)m(wing)e(su\036cien)m(tly)h(man)m(y)g(exam-)257 1066 y(ples)c(from)f(the)i(oracle)e Ft(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))24 b Fz(and)h(collect)f(all)f(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b Ft(x)2487 1081 y Fw(j)2548 1066 y Fz(with)h Ft(a)2814 1081 y Fw(j)2878 1066 y Fr(\025)k Fy(3)p Ft(\022)s(=)p Fy(4)p Fz(.)40 b(Then,)257 1186 y(with)30 b(high)e(probabilit)m(y)-8 b(,)28 b(w)m(e)j(get)e(all)f(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b Ft(x)2094 1201 y Fw(j)2161 1186 y Fz(with)h Ft(I)2423 1201 y Fw(j)2459 1186 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))28 b Fr(\025)g Ft(\022)k Fz(and)e(no)g(v)-5 b(ariables)257 1306 y Ft(x)312 1321 y Fw(j)391 1306 y Fz(with)41 b Ft(I)665 1321 y Fw(j)701 1306 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))43 b Fr(\024)g Ft(\022)s(=)p Fy(2)p Fz(.)70 b(This)41 b(algorithm)d(has)k(b)s(een)g(called)e Fg(Find-Variables)45 b Fz(b)m(y)257 1427 y(Serv)m(edio)33 b([)674 1427 y SDict begin H.S end 674 1427 a Fz(40)772 1363 y SDict begin H.R end 772 1363 a 772 1427 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.S04) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 772 1427 a Fz(].)257 1452 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1452 a 257 1452 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1452 a 257 1452 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.26) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1452 a 203 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)j(26.) 42 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)35 b(e)-5 b(ach)34 b(monotone)h(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)34 b(function)h Ft(f)11 b Fm(,)35 b Ff(Find-Variables)257 1776 y Fm(on)k(inputs)g Ft(\022)s Fm(,)i Ft(\016)i Fm(and)38 b(ac)-5 b(c)g(ess)39 b(to)g Ft(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))p Fm(,)40 b(outputs)g(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)38 b Fy(1)26 b Fr(\000)f Ft(\016)44 b Fm(in)38 b(time)257 1896 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(1)p Ft(=\022)s(;)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))34 b Fm(a)h(set)g Ft(R)1503 1860 y Fn(\003)1577 1896 y Fm(with)g Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))28 b Fr(\022)g Ft(R)2196 1860 y Fn(\003)2263 1896 y Fr(\022)g Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(=)p Fy(2\))p Fm(.)404 2125 y Fz(In)40 b(order)g(to)g(compute)g(an)h Ft(")p Fz(-appro)m(ximation)c(for)i(a)h(monotone)f Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)h Ft(f)11 b Fz(,)42 b(w)m(e)257 2245 y(\034rst)h(use)g Fg(Find-Variables)i Fz(with)d Ft(\022)47 b Fy(=)d Ft("=k)g Fz(to)e(obtain)f(with)g(high)h(probabilit)m(y)d(a)257 2366 y(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(set)j Ft(R)879 2329 y Fn(\003)970 2366 y Fr(\022)k Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft("=)p Fy(2)p Ft(k)s Fy(\))46 b Fz(con)m(taining)f(all)g(v)-5 b(ariables)45 b Ft(x)2605 2381 y Fw(j)2688 2366 y Fz(with)i Ft(I)2968 2381 y Fw(j)3004 2366 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))51 b Fr(\025)i Ft("=k)s Fz(.)257 2486 y(Since)28 b Ft(R)582 2450 y Fn(\003)649 2486 y Fr(\022)g Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft("=)p Fy(2)p Ft(k)s Fy(\))f Fz(implies)e(that)i Ft(R)1737 2450 y Fn(\003)1804 2486 y Fz(con)m(tains)g(only)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)27 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)27 b(the)h(size)257 2606 y(of)39 b Ft(G)452 2570 y Fn(\003)530 2606 y Fy(=)g Fr(f)p Ft(S)44 b Fr(\022)39 b Ft(R)990 2570 y Fn(\003)1069 2606 y Fr(j)f(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)38 b(\024)h Ft(l)r(=")p Fr(g)g Fz(is)f(p)s(olynomial)e(in)i Ft(k)2415 2570 y Fw(l)q(=")2509 2606 y Fz(.)63 b(Hence,)42 b(w)m(e)e(can)g(apply)257 2727 y(the)35 b(generalized)f(lo)m(w-degree)g(algorithm)e(to)i(get)g (the)h(follo)m(wing)d(learning)g(result)j(for)257 2847 y(monotone)d Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(tas)h(ha)m(ving)f(small)e(in\035uence.) 257 2866 y SDict begin H.S end 257 2866 a 257 2866 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 2866 a 257 2866 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.27) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 2866 a 210 x Fs(Theorem)36 b(27.)k Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)33 b(is)h(a)f(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)32 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)f(that)h(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)33 b(mono-)257 3196 y(tone)46 b Ft(k)s Fm(-junta)h Ft(f)57 b Fm(with)46 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))48 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)r Fm(,)h Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(k)s(;)17 b(l)r(;)g(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))45 b Fm(outputs)i(with)f(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)257 3317 y Fy(1)22 b Fr(\000)h Ft(\016)39 b Fm(an)34 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)32 b(for)j Ft(f)45 b Fm(in)35 b(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)2494 3280 y Fw(l)q(=")2588 3317 y Ft(;)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)257 3445 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3445 a 257 3445 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3445 a 257 3445 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.28) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3445 a 100 x Fs(Corollary)38 b(28.)j Fz([)968 3545 y SDict begin H.S end 968 3545 a Fz(9)1017 3481 y SDict begin H.R end 1017 3481 a 1017 3545 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1017 3545 a Fz(])35 b Fm(The)f(class)g(of)h(monotone)f Ft(k)s Fm(-juntas)g(is)h(le) -5 b(arnable)34 b(in)g(time)1374 3797 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)1754 3699 y Fn(p)p 1813 3699 39 3 v 57 x Fw(k)q(=")1923 3797 y Ft(;)g Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)257 3987 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3987 a 257 3987 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3987 a 257 3987 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.4.3) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3987 a 130 x Fj(4.3)131 b(Monotone)43 b(functions)h(that)g(are)g(close)g(to)g(jun)l(tas)257 4312 y Fz(By)49 b(re\034ning)g(the)g(argumen)m(ts)f(used)i(in)e(the)g (preceding)h(subsection)h(w)m(e)f(will)e(no)m(w)257 4432 y(see)i(that)e(the)h(generalized)f(lo)m(w-degree)g(algorithm)d(also)j (succeeds)j(on)d(monotone)257 4553 y(Bo)s(olean)37 b(functions)h(that)g (are)f(su\036cien)m(tly)i(close)f(to)g(a)f(monotone)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)h([)3221 4553 y SDict begin H.S end 3221 4553 a Fz(9)3270 4488 y SDict begin H.R end 3270 4488 a 3270 4553 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3270 4553 a Fz(].)60 b(As)257 4673 y(a)46 b(consequence,)53 b(the)47 b(generalized)f(lo)m(w-degree)g (algorithm)d(\(in)j(conjunction)g(with)257 4793 y Fg(Find-Variables)p Fz(\))36 b(b)s(ecomes)d(applicable)e(to)h(monotone)g Ft(m)p Fz(-term)g(DNF)g(form)m(ulas.)404 4919 y(W)-8 b(e)34 b(call)d(a)i(function)g Ft(f)44 b Fz(an)34 b Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fm(-junta)p Fz(,)33 b(if)f Ft(f)44 b Fz(is)33 b Ft(")p Fz(-close)g(to)g(a)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta.)46 b(W)-8 b(e)34 b(\034rst)257 5039 y(sho)m(w)44 b(that)f(for)f(an)h Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-jun)m(ta,)45 b(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)g(of)f(v)-5 b(ariables)42 b Ft(x)2717 5054 y Fw(j)2797 5039 y Fz(ha)m(ving)g(in\035uence)257 5159 y Ft(I)300 5174 y Fw(j)337 5159 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b Fr(\025)h Ft(")k Fz(is)h(b)s(ounded)g(b)m(y)g Ft(k)s Fz(.)257 5187 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5187 a 257 5187 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5187 a 257 5187 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.29) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5187 a 201 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)j(29.)41 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fm(-junta,)34 b Fr(j)p Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fr(j)27 b(\024)h Ft(k)s Fm(.)p eop end %%Page: 26 26 TeXDict begin 26 25 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.26) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fs(Pro)s(of.)42 b Fz(Let)30 b Ft(h)f Fz(b)s(e)g(a)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)f(that)h(is)g Ft(")p Fz(-close)f(to)g Ft(f)11 b Fz(.)42 b(Observ)m(e)31 b(that)e(for)f(an)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)257 693 y Ft(x)312 708 y Fw(j)382 693 y Fz(with)32 b Ft(I)647 708 y Fw(j)684 693 y Fy(\()p Ft(h)p Fy(\))27 b(=)h(0)k Fz(it)g(holds)g(that)1593 667 y Fy(^)1592 693 y Ft(h)p Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))28 b(=)f(0)32 b Fz(if)g Ft(j)h Fr(2)c Ft(S)6 b Fz(.)43 b(Hence,)611 920 y Ft(I)654 935 y Fw(j)691 920 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b(=)997 826 y Fo(X)957 1037 y Fw(S)11 b Fx(:)23 b Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(S)1218 894 y Fy(^)1197 920 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1398 879 y Fx(2)1465 920 y Fy(=)1608 826 y Fo(X)1568 1037 y Fw(S)12 b Fx(:)23 b Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(S)1792 920 y Fy(\()1851 894 y(^)1830 920 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))22 b Fr(\000)2153 894 y Fy(^)2152 920 y Ft(h)p Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\)\))2388 879 y Fx(2)2455 920 y Fr(\024)28 b(k)p Ft(f)33 b Fr(\000)22 b Ft(h)p Fr(k)2896 879 y Fx(2)2963 920 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(":)257 1229 y Fz(This)33 b(sho)m(ws)h(that)e(an)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(in)i Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))g Fz(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)32 b(for)g Ft(h)p Fz(.)p 3446 1229 49 49 v 404 1441 a(In)40 b(the)h(next)g(prop)s(osition)e(w)m(e)i(b)s(ound)g(the)f (w)m(eigh)m(t)h(of)f(the)h(high)e(order)h(F)-8 b(ourier)257 1562 y(sp)s(ectrum)33 b(of)f Ft(f)43 b Fz(under)33 b(the)g(assumption)f (that)g Ft(f)43 b Fz(is)32 b(close)g(to)g(some)g(function)g Ft(g)k Fz(with)257 1682 y(a)d(small)d(w)m(eigh)m(t)j(on)f(this)g (region.)257 1702 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1702 a 257 1702 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1702 a 257 1702 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.30) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1702 a 172 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)25 b(30.)35 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)25 b(any)h(function)g Ft(f)37 b Fm(that)27 b(is)f Ft(")p Fm(-close)f(to)h(some)g(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)25 b(function)257 1994 y Ft(g)39 b Fm(with)554 1920 y Fo(P)659 2023 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)850 1994 y Fy(^)-53 b Ft(g)t Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1039 1958 y Fx(2)1105 1994 y Fr(\024)29 b Ft(")p Fm(,)1549 2058 y Fo(X)1538 2274 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)1742 2127 y Fy(^)1721 2153 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))1921 2112 y Fx(2)1988 2153 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(4)p Ft(":)257 2476 y Fs(Pro)s(of.)51 b Fz(Using)34 b(the)h(inequalit)m(y)1533 2450 y Fy(^)1512 2476 y Ft(f)1571 2440 y Fx(2)1642 2476 y Fy(=)c(\()1809 2450 y(^)1787 2476 y Ft(f)k Fr(\000)27 b Fy(^)-52 b Ft(g)27 b Fy(+)g(^)-52 b Ft(g)s Fy(\))2233 2440 y Fx(2)2304 2476 y Fr(\024)32 b Fy(2\()2521 2450 y(^)2500 2476 y Ft(f)i Fr(\000)28 b Fy(^)-53 b Ft(g)t Fy(\))2772 2440 y Fx(2)2835 2476 y Fy(+)23 b(2)s(^)-52 b Ft(g)3034 2440 y Fx(2)3108 2476 y Fz(\(Cauc)m(h)m(y-)257 2596 y(Sc)m(h)m(w)m(arz\))35 b(it)c(follo)m(ws)h(that)752 2726 y Fo(X)741 2942 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)945 2794 y Fy(^)924 2820 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1125 2779 y Fx(2)1191 2820 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(2)1373 2726 y Fo(X)1362 2942 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)1528 2820 y Fy(\()1587 2794 y(^)1566 2820 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))22 b Fr(\000)k Fy(^)-53 b Ft(g)s Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\)\))2118 2779 y Fx(2)2180 2820 y Fy(+)22 b(2)2354 2726 y Fo(X)2344 2942 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)2529 2820 y Fy(^)-52 b Ft(g)s Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2718 2779 y Fx(2)2785 2820 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(4)p Ft(":)p 3446 2993 49 49 v 404 3206 a Fz(No)m(w)h(assume)g(that)f Ft(f)39 b Fz(is)28 b(an)g Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fz(-jun)m(ta)28 b(with)g(the)h(additional)c(prop)s(ert)m(y)k(that)257 3326 y(it)f(is)f Ft(")p Fz(-close)h(to)f(some)h(Bo)s(olean)f(function)h Ft(g)j Fz(whose)e(F)-8 b(ourier)27 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)i(on)f(the)g (frequen-)257 3446 y(cies)d Ft(S)31 b Fz(with)24 b Fr(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)27 b(\025)h Ft(t)d Fz(is)g(b)s(ounded)g(b)m(y)h Ft(")p Fz(.)41 b(Then)26 b(b)m(y)f(using)g(Prop)s(osition)2915 3446 y SDict begin H.S end 2915 3446 a Fz(24)3012 3382 y SDict begin H.R end 3012 3382 a 3012 3446 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.24) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3012 3446 a 25 w Fz(with)g Ft(k)30 b Fy(=)e Ft(n)257 3567 y Fz(as)39 b(w)m(ell)e(as)h(Prop)s(osition)1241 3567 y SDict begin H.S end 1241 3567 a Fz(30)1339 3503 y SDict begin H.R end 1339 3503 a 1339 3567 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.30) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1339 3567 a Fz(,)i(it)d(follo)m(ws)f(that)i(the)h(frequency)h (collection)c Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))257 3687 y Fz(has)33 b(the)g(prop)s(ert)m(y)871 3811 y Fo(X)764 4027 y Fw(S)t Fn(62)p Fw(G)p Fx(\()p Fw("=n;t)p Fx(\))1161 3879 y Fy(^)1139 3906 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1340 3864 y Fx(2)1407 3906 y Fr(\024)1600 3811 y Fo(X)1512 4027 y Fw(S)t Fn(6\022)p Fw(R)p Fx(\()p Fw("=n)p Fx(\))1871 3879 y Fy(^)1849 3906 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2050 3864 y Fx(2)2111 3906 y Fy(+)2220 3811 y Fo(X)2209 4027 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)2413 3879 y Fy(^)2392 3906 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2593 3864 y Fx(2)2660 3906 y Fy(=)27 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Ft(:)257 4223 y Fz(This)38 b(means)g(that)g Ft(f)49 b Fz(can)38 b(b)s(e)g Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fz(-appro)m(ximated)e(b)m(y)j (using)e(only)h(F)-8 b(ourier)36 b(co)s(e\036-)257 4343 y(cien)m(ts)30 b(corresp)s(onding)f(to)g(frequencies)i(in)e Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))p Fz(.)42 b(Since)29 b(b)m(y)h(Prop)s(osition)3233 4343 y SDict begin H.S end 3233 4343 a Fz(29)3330 4279 y SDict begin H.R end 3330 4279 a 3330 4343 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.29) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3330 4343 a 30 w Fz(the)257 4463 y(size)g(of)f Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft("=n)p Fy(\))h Fz(is)f(b)s(ounded)h (b)m(y)h Ft(k)s Fz(,)f(it)f(further)h(follo)m(ws)e(that)h(the)i(size)e (of)h Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))29 b Fz(is)257 4584 y(b)s(ounded)h(b)m(y)h Ft(k)839 4548 y Fw(t)868 4584 y Fz(.)43 b(Th)m(us)31 b(w)m(e)f(can)g(use)g(the)g(algorithm)c Fg(Find-Variables)33 b Fz(to)c(compute)257 4704 y(a)h(sup)s(erset)i Ft(R)792 4668 y Fn(\003)862 4704 y Fz(of)e Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft("=)p Fy(2)p Ft(n)p Fy(\))f Fz(con)m(taining)g(only)h(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(in)g Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft("=n)p Fy(\))h Fz(in)g(order)g(to)g(get)257 4825 y(the)j(follo)m(wing)d(learning)h (result.)257 4844 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4844 a 257 4844 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4844 a 257 4844 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.31) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4844 a 172 x Fs(Theorem)71 b(31.)56 b Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)61 b(is)g(a)h(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)60 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)g Fm(such)h(that)g(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)257 5137 y(monotone)41 b Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fm(-junta)41 b Ft(f)53 b Fm(that)42 b(is)f Ft(")p Fm(-close)g(to)h(some)f(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)40 b(function)h Ft(g)k Fm(with)257 5182 y Fo(P)363 5286 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)553 5257 y Fy(^)-53 b Ft(g)t Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))742 5221 y Fx(2)809 5257 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(")p Fm(,)33 b Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(k)s(;)17 b(t;)g(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))32 b Fm(outputs)i(with)g(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)33 b Fy(1)19 b Fr(\000)g Ft(\016)38 b Fm(an)33 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-)257 5388 y(appr)-5 b(oximation)34 b(for)g Ft(f)46 b Fm(in)34 b(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)1869 5352 y Fw(t)1898 5388 y Ft(;)g Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)p eop end %%Page: 27 27 TeXDict begin 27 26 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.27) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 404 573 a Fz(Since)32 b(b)m(y)h(Prop)s(osition)1317 573 y SDict begin H.S end 1317 573 a Fz(21)1414 509 y SDict begin H.R end 1414 509 a 1414 573 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1414 573 a Fz(,)f Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(g)t Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)34 b Fz(implies)c(that)h (the)i(F)-8 b(ourier)30 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)j(of)e Ft(g)k Fz(on)257 693 y(the)27 b(frequencies)g Ft(S)k Fz(with)26 b Fr(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)26 b Ft(>)i(l)r(=")d Fz(is)h(b)s(ounded)g(b)m(y) h Ft(")p Fz(,)g(w)m(e)f(also)f(obtain)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)257 814 y(corollary)-8 b(.)257 833 y SDict begin H.S end 257 833 a 257 833 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 833 a 257 833 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.32) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 833 a 177 x Fs(Corollary)34 b(32.)39 b Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)30 b(is)i(a)f(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)30 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)f(that)h(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)31 b(mono-)257 1131 y(tone)39 b Fy(\()p Ft("=n;)17 b(k)s Fy(\))p Fm(-junta)38 b Ft(f)49 b Fm(that)39 b(is)g Ft(")p Fm(-close)e(to)i(some)f(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)37 b(function)i Ft(g)j Fm(with)c(in\035u-)257 1251 y(enc)-5 b(e)44 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(g)t Fy(\))45 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)r Fm(,)h Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(k)s(;)17 b(l)r(;)g(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))43 b Fm(outputs)j(with)e(pr)-5 b(ob)g(ability)44 b Fy(1)29 b Fr(\000)h Ft(\016)48 b Fm(an)d Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-)257 1371 y(appr)-5 b(oximation)34 b(for)g Ft(f)46 b Fm(in)34 b(time)h Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(k)1869 1335 y Fw(l)q(=")1962 1371 y Ft(;)g Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 1568 y Fz(Since)34 b(for)g(an)m(y)h Ft(")c(>)g Fy(0)p Fz(,)j(an)h Ft(m)p Fz(-term)e(DNF)i(is)f(an)g Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b(m)g Fy(log)q(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\)\))p Fz(-jun)m(ta,)34 b(Corol-)257 1688 y(lary)445 1688 y SDict begin H.S end 445 1688 a Fz(32)542 1624 y SDict begin H.R end 542 1624 a 542 1688 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.32) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 542 1688 a 23 w Fz(implies)19 b(the)k(follo)m(wing)d (learning)g(result)i(for)g(monotone)g Ft(m)p Fz(-term)f(DNF,)i(whic)m (h)257 1809 y(is)32 b(in)g(fact)h(a)f(consequence)j(of)d(a)h(stronger)f (result)h(from)e([)2394 1809 y SDict begin H.S end 2394 1809 a Fz(9)2443 1745 y SDict begin H.R end 2443 1745 a 2443 1809 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2443 1809 a Fz(].)257 1834 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1834 a 257 1834 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1834 a 257 1834 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.33) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1834 a 171 x Fs(Corollary)g(33.)37 b Fz([)957 2005 y SDict begin H.S end 957 2005 a Fz(9)1006 1941 y SDict begin H.R end 1006 1941 a 1006 2005 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1006 2005 a Fz(])29 b Fm(The)g(class)f(of)h(monotone)f Ft(m)p Fm(-term)i(DNF)f(formulas)f(is)h(le)-5 b(arnable)257 2126 y(in)35 b(time)967 2246 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m)g Fy(log\()p Ft(n=")p Fy(\)\))1825 2139 y Fr(p)p 1908 2139 351 4 v 66 x Fw(m)12 b Fx(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))q Fw(=")2330 2246 y Ft(;)17 b Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)257 2417 y Fm(Henc)-5 b(e,)43 b(for)f Ft(m)e Fy(=)g Ft(O)s Fy(\(\(log)17 b Ft(n)p Fy(\))1383 2381 y Fx(2)1423 2417 y Ft(=)p Fy(\(log)g(log)g Ft(n)p Fy(\))1890 2381 y Fx(3)1930 2417 y Fy(\))42 b Fm(and)f(c)-5 b(onstant)41 b Ft(")p Fm(,)i(monotone)d Ft(m)p Fm(-term)257 2538 y(DNF)35 b(formulas)f(ar)-5 b(e)34 b(le)-5 b(arnable)34 b(in)h(p)-5 b(olynomial)33 b(time.)404 2734 y Fz(Serv)m(edio)44 b([)832 2734 y SDict begin H.S end 832 2734 a Fz(40)930 2670 y SDict begin H.R end 930 2670 a 930 2734 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.S04) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 930 2734 a Fz(])g(used)h(a)f(b)s(ound)g(of)g(Mansour)h([) 2206 2734 y SDict begin H.S end 2206 2734 a Fz(36)2303 2670 y SDict begin H.R end 2303 2670 a 2303 2734 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.M95) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2303 2734 a Fz(])f(to)g(sho)m(w)h(that)f(an)m(y)h Ft(m)p Fz(-term)257 2855 y(DNF)33 b Ft(f)43 b Fz(is)31 b Ft(")p Fz(-close)h(to)g(a)g(Bo)s(olean)e(function)i Ft(g)j Fz(satisfying)2474 2780 y Fo(P)2579 2884 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j)p Fw(>t)2769 2855 y Fy(^)-52 b Ft(g)s Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2958 2818 y Fx(2)3025 2855 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(")k Fz(for)f Ft(t)d Fy(=)257 2983 y Ft(O)s Fy(\(log)q(\()p Ft(m=")p Fy(\))17 b(log\(1)p Ft(=")p Fy(\)\))p Fz(.)40 b(By)27 b(Theorem)1775 2983 y SDict begin H.S end 1775 2983 a Fz(31)1873 2919 y SDict begin H.R end 1873 2919 a 1873 2983 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.31) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1873 2983 a Fz(,)h(this)e(implies)e(the) j(follo)m(wing)d(exp)s(onen)m(tial)257 3104 y(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(t)33 b(of)f(Corollary)1384 3104 y SDict begin H.S end 1384 3104 a Fz(33)1482 3039 y SDict begin H.R end 1482 3039 a 1482 3104 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.33) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1482 3104 a Fz(.)257 3123 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3123 a 257 3123 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3123 a 257 3123 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.34) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3123 a 177 x Fs(Corollary)25 b(34.)34 b Fz([)948 3300 y SDict begin H.S end 948 3300 a Fz(40)1045 3236 y SDict begin H.R end 1045 3236 a 1045 3300 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.S04) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1045 3300 a Fz(])25 b Fm(The)g(class)f(of)g(monotone)g Ft(m)p Fm(-term)h(DNF)g(formulas)f(is)g(le)-5 b(arnable)257 3421 y(in)35 b(time)949 3541 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(\()p Ft(m)g Fy(log\()p Ft(n=")p Fy(\)\))1807 3500 y Fx(log)q(\()p Fw(m=")p Fx(\))c(log)q(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\))2348 3541 y Ft(;)k Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)257 3712 y Fm(Henc)-5 b(e,)34 b(monotone)e Ft(O)s Fy(\(2)1192 3626 y Fn(p)p 1250 3626 146 3 v 1250 3676 a Fx(log)13 b Fw(n)1400 3712 y Fy(\))p Fm(-term)33 b(DNF)h(formulas)e (ar)-5 b(e)34 b(le)-5 b(arnable)32 b(in)i(p)-5 b(olynomial)257 3832 y(time.)257 3971 y SDict begin H.S end 257 3971 a 257 3971 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 3971 a 257 3971 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.4.4) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 3971 a 149 x Fj(4.4)131 b(Monotone)43 b(functions)h(with)h(b)t(ounded)e(in\035uence)257 4305 y Fz(Since)36 b Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(tas)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(lo)m(w)d (in\035uence,)j(it)d(is)g(clear)g(that)h(all)e(functions)i(that)f(are)h (suf-)257 4425 y(\034cien)m(tly)k(close)g(to)g(some)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)g(also)f(m)m(ust)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(lo)m(w)d (in\035uence.)67 b(As)41 b(sho)m(wn)g(b)m(y)257 4545 y(F)-8 b(riedgut)24 b([)668 4545 y SDict begin H.S end 668 4545 a Fz(14)766 4481 y SDict begin H.R end 766 4481 a 766 4545 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.F98) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 766 4545 a Fz(],)i(also)e(the)h(con)m(v)m (erse)j(is)c(true:)40 b(an)m(y)25 b(Bo)s(olean)f(function)g Ft(f)36 b Fz(ha)m(ving)24 b(lo)m(w)g(in-)257 4666 y(\035uence)30 b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(close)g(to)g(a)g Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(ta)f(where)j Ft(k)h Fz(only)c(dep)s(ends)j(on)e(the)g(in\035uence)h(and)257 4786 y(not)g(on)g(the)h(arit)m(y)e(of)h Ft(f)11 b Fz(.)42 b(More)29 b(precisely)-8 b(,)30 b(if)e Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)k Fz(then)d Ft(f)40 b Fz(is)28 b(a)h Fy(\()p Ft(";)17 b Fy(2)2972 4750 y Fw(O)r Fx(\()p Fw("=l)q Fx(\))3176 4786 y Fy(\))p Fz(-jun)m(ta.)257 4907 y(V)-8 b(ery)28 b(recen)m(tly)-8 b(,)29 b(this)e(relationship)e (has)i(b)s(een)h(used)g(b)m(y)g(O'Donnell)e(and)h(Serv)m(edio)h([)3371 4907 y SDict begin H.S end 3371 4907 a Fz(39)3468 4842 y SDict begin H.R end 3468 4842 a 3468 4907 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ODS06) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3468 4907 a Fz(])257 5027 y(to)37 b(demonstrate)g(the)h (applicabilit)m(y)33 b(of)k(the)g(generalized)g(lo)m(w-degree)g (algorithm)d(to)257 5147 y(the)f(class)g(of)f(monotone)g(decision)g (trees.)404 5268 y(The)h(pro)s(of)f(of)g(F)-8 b(riedgut's)32 b(result)g(yields)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(appro)m(ximabilit)m(y)f (result)257 5388 y(for)j(Bo)s(olean)g(functions)g(with)g(b)s(ounded)h (in\035uence.)257 5388 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5388 a 257 5388 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5388 a 257 5388 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.35) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5388 a eop end %%Page: 28 28 TeXDict begin 28 27 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.28) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fs(Prop)s(osition)36 b(35.)41 b Fz([)1074 573 y SDict begin H.S end 1074 573 a Fz(14)1172 509 y SDict begin H.R end 1172 509 a 1172 573 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.F98) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1172 573 a Fz(])35 b Fm(F)-7 b(or)34 b(any)h(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)33 b(function)h Ft(f)46 b Fm(with)35 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(l)r Fm(,)1498 714 y Fo(X)1428 929 y Fw(S)t Fn(62)p Fw(G)p Fx(\()p Fw(\022)r(;t)p Fx(\))1749 782 y Fy(^)1728 808 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1929 767 y Fx(2)1995 808 y Fy(=)28 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Ft(;)257 1148 y Fm(wher)-5 b(e)35 b Ft(\022)30 b Fy(=)e(\()p Ft(")p Fy(2)845 1112 y Fn(\000)p Fw(l)q(=")993 1148 y Ft(=l)r Fy(\))1111 1112 y Fx(3)1185 1148 y Fm(and)35 b Ft(t)27 b Fy(=)h Ft(l)r(=")p Fm(.)257 1350 y Fs(Pro)s(of.)43 b Fz(F)-8 b(or)28 b(a)h(giv)m(en)h Ft(")f Fz(w)m(e)h(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)e (deriv)m(e)h(a)f(b)s(ound)g(on)h Ft(\022)i Fz(suc)m(h)f(that)e(at)g (most)g(an)h Ft(")257 1470 y Fz(fraction)d(of)g(the)h(w)m(eigh)m(t)g (of)f(the)h(F)-8 b(ourier)26 b(sp)s(ectrum)i(of)f Ft(f)39 b Fz(is)27 b(outside)g(of)g(the)h(collection)257 1590 y Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))p Fz(.)52 b(Let)36 b Ft(H)k Fy(=)32 b Fr(f)p Ft(S)39 b Fr(\022)33 b Fy([)p Ft(n)p Fy(])g Fr(j)f Ft(S)38 b Fr(6\022)33 b Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))25 b Fr(^)f(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)32 b Ft(<)g(t)p Fr(g)k Fz(and)f(note)h(that)f Ft(S)j Fr(62)33 b Ft(G)p Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s(;)17 b(t)p Fy(\))257 1711 y Fz(implies)30 b(that)j(either)f Fr(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)27 b(\025)h Ft(t)33 b Fz(or)f Ft(S)h Fr(2)c Ft(H)8 b Fz(.)42 b(No)m(w)34 b(it)d(follo)m(ws)g(b)m(y)j(Prop)s (osition)3164 1711 y SDict begin H.S end 3164 1711 a Fz(21)3261 1646 y SDict begin H.R end 3261 1646 a 3261 1711 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.21) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3261 1711 a 33 w Fz(that)762 1851 y Fo(X)692 2067 y Fw(S)t Fn(62)p Fw(G)p Fx(\()p Fw(\022)r(;t)p Fx(\))1014 1920 y Fy(^)993 1946 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))1193 1905 y Fx(2)1260 1946 y Fr(\024)1376 1851 y Fo(X)1365 2067 y Fn(j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j\025)p Fw(t)1569 1920 y Fy(^)1548 1946 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1749 1905 y Fx(2)1810 1946 y Fy(+)1914 1851 y Fo(X)1908 2063 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)2103 1920 y Fy(^)2081 1946 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2282 1905 y Fx(2)2349 1946 y Fr(\024)28 b Ft(")22 b Fy(+)2626 1851 y Fo(X)2620 2063 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)2814 1920 y Fy(^)2793 1946 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))2994 1905 y Fx(2)3033 1946 y Ft(;)257 2269 y Fz(Hence,)41 b(it)36 b(su\036ces)k(to)d(c)m(ho)s(ose)i Ft(\022)i Fz(small)35 b(enough)j(suc)m(h)h(that)e(the)h(F)-8 b(ourier)37 b(w)m(eigh)m(t)h(of)257 2389 y Ft(f)50 b Fz(on)40 b Ft(H)46 b Fz(is)39 b(b)s(ounded)h(b)m(y)h Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fz(.)62 b(Using)39 b(Bec)m(kner-Bonami)g (\(cf.)64 b(inequalit)m(y)38 b(\()3288 2389 y SDict begin H.S end 3288 2389 a Fz(4)3337 2325 y SDict begin H.R end 3337 2325 a 3337 2389 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (equation.4) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 3337 2389 a Fz(\))h(in)257 2510 y(Section)603 2510 y SDict begin H.S end 603 2510 a Fz(2)652 2446 y SDict begin H.R end 652 2446 a 652 2510 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (section.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 652 2510 a Fz(\))e(and)g(letting) e Ft(H)1315 2525 y Fw(j)1387 2510 y Fy(=)g Fr(f)p Ft(S)41 b Fr(\022)36 b Fy([)p Ft(n)p Fy(])g Fr(j)f Ft(j)41 b Fr(2)36 b Ft(S)31 b Fr(^)25 b(j)p Ft(S)6 b Fr(j)35 b Ft(<)g(t)p Fr(g)i Fz(it)f(follo)m(ws)g(for)g(eac)m(h)257 2630 y(p)s(osition)31 b Ft(j)39 b Fz(that)403 2765 y Fo(X)383 2977 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)535 2987 y Fu(j)584 2860 y Fy(2)633 2819 y Fn(\000)p Fw(t)739 2834 y Fy(^)717 2860 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))918 2819 y Fx(2)985 2860 y Fr(\024)1130 2765 y Fo(X)1090 2977 y Fw(S)11 b Fx(:)24 b Fw(j)t Fn(2)p Fw(S)1330 2860 y Fy(2)1379 2819 y Fn(\000j)p Fw(S)t Fn(j)1545 2834 y Fy(^)1524 2860 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1725 2819 y Fx(2)1791 2860 y Fy(=)28 b Fr(k)p Ft(T)2002 2887 y Fx(1)p Fw(=)2072 2832 y Fn(p)p 2131 2832 36 3 v 55 x Fx(2)2171 2860 y Ft(f)2219 2875 y Fw(j)2255 2860 y Fr(k)2305 2819 y Fx(2)2372 2860 y Fr(\024)g Fy(\()p Fr(k)p Ft(f)2613 2875 y Fw(j)2650 2860 y Fr(k)2700 2819 y Fx(2)2739 2860 y Fy(\))2777 2819 y Fx(4)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)2915 2860 y Fy(=)f Ft(I)3061 2875 y Fw(j)3098 2860 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))3233 2819 y Fx(4)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)3342 2860 y Ft(;)257 3208 y Fz(implying)32 b(that)876 3133 y Fo(P)981 3237 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)1133 3247 y Fu(j)1207 3182 y Fy(^)1186 3208 y Ft(f)10 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)c Fy(\))1386 3172 y Fx(2)1456 3208 y Fr(\024)31 b Fy(2)1613 3172 y Fw(t)1642 3208 y Ft(I)1685 3223 y Fw(j)1722 3208 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))1857 3172 y Fx(4)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)1966 3208 y Fz(.)48 b(Note)35 b(that)f(for)f(eac)m (h)i Ft(S)h Fr(2)31 b Ft(H)42 b Fz(there)35 b(is)257 3340 y(some)d Ft(j)i Fr(62)28 b Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))k Fz(suc)m(h)h(that)e Ft(S)j Fr(2)28 b Ft(H)1598 3355 y Fw(j)1634 3340 y Fz(.)44 b(Hence,)33 b(summing)d(up)i(and)g (using)f(the)i(b)s(ounds)257 3460 y Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)i Ft(l)34 b Fz(and)f Ft(I)872 3475 y Fw(j)909 3460 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)h Ft(\022)36 b Fz(for)c(all)e Ft(j)k Fr(62)28 b Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))k Fz(w)m(e)i(get)321 3604 y Fo(X)315 3815 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)510 3672 y Fy(^)488 3699 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))689 3657 y Fx(2)756 3699 y Fr(\024)900 3604 y Fo(X)861 3820 y Fw(j)t Fn(62)p Fw(R)p Fx(\()p Fw(\022)r Fx(\))1120 3604 y Fo(X)1100 3815 y Fw(S)t Fn(2)p Fw(H)1252 3825 y Fu(j)1322 3672 y Fy(^)1301 3699 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(S)6 b Fy(\))1502 3657 y Fx(2)1569 3699 y Fr(\024)1680 3604 y Fo(X)1640 3820 y Fw(j)t Fn(62)p Fw(R)p Fx(\()p Fw(\022)r Fx(\))1847 3699 y Fy(2)1896 3657 y Fw(t)1925 3699 y Ft(I)1968 3714 y Fw(j)2005 3699 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))2140 3657 y Fx(4)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)2277 3699 y Fr(\024)28 b Fy(2)2431 3657 y Fw(t)2460 3699 y Ft(\022)2508 3657 y Fx(1)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)2635 3604 y Fo(X)2691 3814 y Fw(j)2796 3699 y Ft(I)2839 3714 y Fw(j)2875 3699 y Fy(\()p Ft(f)11 b Fy(\))28 b Fr(\024)g Fy(2)3192 3657 y Fw(t)3221 3699 y Ft(\022)3269 3657 y Fx(1)p Fw(=)p Fx(3)3379 3699 y Ft(l)r(:)257 4031 y Fz(Th)m(us,)43 b(c)m(ho)s(osing)c Ft(\022)k Fy(=)c(\()p Ft(")p Fy(2)1279 3995 y Fn(\000)p Fw(t)1363 4031 y Ft(=l)r Fy(\))1481 3995 y Fx(3)1560 4031 y Fz(yields)g(the)h(desired)g(b)s (ound.)65 b(Since)40 b Ft(t)f Fy(=)h Ft(l)r(=")p Fz(,)h(the)257 4152 y(size)c(of)f Ft(R)q Fy(\()p Ft(\022)s Fy(\))g Fz(is)g(b)s(ounded) h(b)m(y)g Ft(l)r(=\022)g Fy(=)d Ft(l)1742 4115 y Fx(4)1781 4152 y Fy(2)1830 4115 y Fx(3)p Fw(l)q(=")1959 4152 y Ft(=")2054 4115 y Fx(3)2127 4152 y Fy(=)g(2)2286 4115 y Fw(O)r Fx(\()p Fw(l)q(=")p Fx(\))2526 4152 y Fz(and)j(it)e(follo)m (ws)g(that)h(the)257 4272 y(size)d(of)f Ft(G)h Fz(is)f(b)s(ounded)h(b)m (y)g Fy(2)1343 4236 y Fw(O)r Fx(\()p Fw(l)q(=")p Fx(\))1543 4212 y Fv(2)1582 4272 y Fz(.)p 3446 4272 49 49 v 404 4491 a(As)g(an)f(immediate)e(consequence)36 b(w)m(e)d(can)g(state)g (the)g(follo)m(wing)d(learning)g(result.)257 4510 y SDict begin H.S end 257 4510 a 257 4510 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 4510 a 257 4510 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.36) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 4510 a 182 x Fs(Theorem)36 b(36.)k Fm(Ther)-5 b(e)33 b(is)h(a)f(r)-5 b(andomize)g(d)32 b(algorithm)h Ft(A)h Fm(such)f(that)h(for)f(e)-5 b(ach)33 b(mono-)257 4813 y(tone)i(Bo)-5 b(ole)g(an)33 b(function)i Ft(f)46 b Fm(with)34 b Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))27 b Fr(\024)i Ft(l)r Fm(,)35 b Ft(A)p Fy(\()p Ft(l)r(;)17 b(";)g(\016)n(;)g(E)6 b(X)i Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\)\))34 b Fm(outputs)h(with)g(pr)-5 b(ob)g(a-)257 4933 y(bility)35 b Fy(1)22 b Fr(\000)h Ft(\016)39 b Fm(an)34 b Ft(O)s Fy(\()p Ft(")p Fy(\))p Fm(-appr)-5 b(oximation)32 b(for)j Ft(f)45 b Fm(in)35 b(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b Fy(2)2733 4897 y Fx(\()p Fw(l)q(=")p Fx(\))2877 4874 y Fv(2)2916 4933 y Ft(;)g Fy(log)q(\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Fm(.)404 5135 y Fz(As)35 b(sho)m(wn)h(b)m(y)f(O'Donnell)e (and)i(Serv)m(edio)g([)2062 5135 y SDict begin H.S end 2062 5135 a Fz(39)2160 5071 y SDict begin H.R end 2160 5071 a 2160 5135 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ODS06) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2160 5135 a Fz(],)g(an)m(y)g(Bo)s(olean) e(function)h Ft(f)45 b Fz(com-)257 5255 y(putable)28 b(b)m(y)i(a)e(decision)g(tree)h(of)f(size)h Ft(m)f Fz(has)h(the)g(prop) s(ert)m(y)g(that)2707 5181 y Fo(P)2812 5284 y Fw(i)2878 5229 y Fy(^)2856 5255 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(i)p Fy(\))28 b Fr(\024)3157 5180 y(p)p 3240 5180 228 4 v 75 x Fy(log)18 b Ft(m)p Fz(.)257 5388 y(If)33 b Ft(f)43 b Fz(is)32 b(monotone,)g(this) g(implies)e(that)i Ft(I)8 b Fy(\()p Ft(f)j Fy(\))28 b(=)2070 5313 y Fo(P)2175 5417 y Fw(i)2241 5362 y Fy(^)2220 5388 y Ft(f)11 b Fy(\()p Ft(i)p Fy(\))28 b Fr(\024)2521 5313 y(p)p 2604 5313 V 75 x Fy(log)17 b Ft(m)q Fz(.)257 5417 y SDict begin H.S end 257 5417 a 257 5417 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 5417 a 257 5417 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (theorem.37) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 5417 a eop end %%Page: 29 29 TeXDict begin 29 28 bop 0 0 a SDict begin /product where{pop product(Distiller)search{pop pop pop version(.)search{exch pop exch pop(3011)eq{gsave newpath 0 0 moveto closepath clip/Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont 72 72 moveto(.)show grestore}if}{pop}ifelse}{pop}ifelse}if end 0 0 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.S end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin H.R end 257 266 a 257 266 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (page.29) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 266 a 307 x Fs(Corollary)37 b(37.)k Fz([)967 573 y SDict begin H.S end 967 573 a Fz(39)1065 509 y SDict begin H.R end 1065 509 a 1065 573 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.ODS06) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1065 573 a Fz(])34 b Fm(The)g(class)g(of)g(monotone)f (de)-5 b(cision)33 b(tr)-5 b(e)g(es)34 b(of)g(size)g Ft(m)h Fm(is)f(le)-5 b(arn-)257 693 y(able)35 b(in)f(time)1345 814 y Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p Ft(n;)17 b(m)1756 772 y Fx(\(1)p Fw(=")p Fx(\))1913 749 y Fv(2)1953 814 y Ft(;)g Fy(log\(1)p Ft(=\016)t Fy(\)\))p Ft(:)257 981 y Fm(Henc)-5 b(e,)42 b(for)e(c)-5 b(onstant)40 b Ft(")p Fm(,)i(monotone)d(de)-5 b(cision)39 b(tr)-5 b(e)g(es)41 b(ar)-5 b(e)40 b(le)-5 b(arnable)39 b(in)i(p)-5 b(olynomial)257 1101 y(time.)257 1238 y SDict begin H.S end 257 1238 a 257 1238 a SDict begin 14.5 H.A end 257 1238 a 257 1238 a SDict begin [ /View [/XYZ H.V] /Dest (subsection.4.5) cvn H.B /DEST pdfmark end 257 1238 a 149 x Fj(4.5)131 b(Problems)257 1572 y Fz(Let)46 b(us)g(conclude)g(with)f(some)g(in)m(teresting)g(problems)g(concerning) g(the)h(learnabil-)257 1692 y(it)m(y)40 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Fz(As)c(w)m(e)g(sa)m(w)h(in)d(Section)1176 4707 y SDict begin H.S end 1176 4707 a Fz(4.2)1301 4642 y SDict begin H.R end 1301 4642 a 1301 4707 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (subsection.4.2) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 1301 4707 a Fz(,)i(the)f(analogue)f(of)h(Problem)2426 4707 y SDict begin H.S end 2426 4707 a Fz(39)2524 4642 y SDict begin H.R end 2524 4642 a 2524 4707 a SDict begin [ /Color [1 0 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (theorem.39) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2524 4707 a 30 w Fz(for)g(monotone)f Ft(k)s Fz(-jun)m(tas)257 4827 y(has)24 b(b)s(een)g(solv)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(Bshout)m(y)h(and)e(T)-8 b(amon)23 b([)1954 4827 y SDict begin H.S end 1954 4827 a Fz(9)2003 4763 y SDict begin H.R end 2003 4763 a 2003 4827 a SDict begin [ /Color [0 1 0] /H /I /Border [0 0 12] /Subtype /Link /Dest (cite.BT96) cvn H.B /ANN pdfmark end 2003 4827 a Fz(])g(b)m(y)h(pro)m(viding)e(an) i(algorithm)c(running)257 4959 y(in)46 b(time)f Fy(p)s(oly)r(\()p 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