%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvips(k) 5.90a Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software %%Title: 82.dvi %%CreationDate: Wed Jan 07 20:40:34 2004 %%Pages: 31 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: CMSY10 CMSY7 CMMI10 CMMI12 CMR12 CMR8 CMMI8 CMR6 CMSY8 %%+ CMEX10 CMR10 CMSS12 CMSY6 CMMI6 MSAM10 CMR7 %%EndComments %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips 82 %DVIPSParameters: dpi=600, compressed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 2004.01.07:2036 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro %! /TeXDict 300 dict def TeXDict begin/N{def}def/B{bind def}N/S{exch}N/X{S N}B/A{dup}B/TR{translate}N/isls false N/vsize 11 72 mul N/hsize 8.5 72 mul N/landplus90{false}def/@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1}ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{ landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[ matrix currentmatrix{A A round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if}forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N/@landscape{/isls true N}B/@manualfeed{ statusdict/manualfeed true put}B/@copies{/#copies X}B/FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0] N/FBB[0 0 0 0]N/nn 0 N/IEn 0 N/ctr 0 N/df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N/FontMatrix fntrx N/FontBBox FBB N string/base X array /BitMaps X/BuildChar{CharBuilder}N/Encoding IEn N end A{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn put/ctr 0 N[}B/sf 0 N/df{/sf 1 N/fntrx FMat N df-tail}B/dfs{div/sf X/fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B/E{pop nn A definefont setfont}B/Cw{Cd A length 5 sub get}B/Ch{Cd A length 4 sub get }B/Cx{128 Cd A length 3 sub get sub}B/Cy{Cd A length 2 sub get 127 sub} B/Cdx{Cd A length 1 sub get}B/Ci{Cd A type/stringtype ne{ctr get/ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B/id 0 N/rw 0 N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N/G 0 N/CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S A/base get 2 index get S/BitMaps get S get/Cd X pop/ctr 0 N Cdx 0 Cx Cy Ch sub Cx Cw add Cy setcachedevice Cw Ch true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 Cx sub Cy .1 sub]/id Ci N/rw Cw 7 add 8 idiv string N/rc 0 N/gp 0 N/cp 0 N{ rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub/rc X rw}{G}ifelse}imagemask restore}B/G{{id gp get/gp gp 1 add N A 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get exec}loop}B/adv{cp add/cp X}B /chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval putinterval A gp add/gp X adv}B/nd{ /cp 0 N rw exit}B/lsh{rw cp 2 copy get A 0 eq{pop 1}{A 255 eq{pop 254}{ A A add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B/rsh{rw cp 2 copy get A 0 eq{pop 128}{A 255 eq{pop 127}{A 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse} ifelse put 1 adv}B/clr{rw cp 2 index string putinterval adv}B/set{rw cp fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B/fillstr 18 string 0 1 17 {2 copy 255 put pop}for N/pl[{adv 1 chg}{adv 1 chg nd}{1 add chg}{1 add chg nd}{adv lsh}{adv lsh nd}{adv rsh}{adv rsh nd}{1 add adv}{/rc X nd}{ 1 add set}{1 add clr}{adv 2 chg}{adv 2 chg nd}{pop nd}]A{bind pop} forall N/D{/cc X A type/stringtype ne{]}if nn/base get cc ctr put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{A A length 1 sub A 2 index S get sf div put }if put/ctr ctr 1 add N}B/I{cc 1 add D}B/bop{userdict/bop-hook known{ bop-hook}if/SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto/V matrix currentmatrix A 1 get A mul exch 0 get A mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N/eop{ SI restore userdict/eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N/@start{ userdict/start-hook known{start-hook}if pop/VResolution X/Resolution X 1000 div/DVImag X/IEn 256 array N 2 string 0 1 255{IEn S A 360 add 36 4 index cvrs cvn put}for pop 65781.76 div/vsize X 65781.76 div/hsize X}N /p{show}N/RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N/BDot 260 string N/Rx 0 N/Ry 0 N/V{}B/RV/v{ /Ry X/Rx X V}B statusdict begin/product where{pop false[(Display)(NeXT) (LaserWriter 16/600)]{A length product length le{A length product exch 0 exch getinterval eq{pop true exit}if}{pop}ifelse}forall}{false}ifelse end{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR 1 1 scale Rx Ry false RMat{BDot}imagemask grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR Rx Ry scale 1 1 false RMat{BDot} imagemask grestore}}ifelse B/QV{gsave newpath transform round exch round exch itransform moveto Rx 0 rlineto 0 Ry neg rlineto Rx neg 0 rlineto fill grestore}B/a{moveto}B/delta 0 N/tail{A/delta X 0 rmoveto}B/M{S p delta add tail}B/b{S p tail}B/c{-4 M}B/d{-3 M}B/e{-2 M}B/f{-1 M}B/g{0 M} B/h{1 M}B/i{2 M}B/j{3 M}B/k{4 M}B/w{0 rmoveto}B/l{p -4 w}B/m{p -3 w}B/n{ p -2 w}B/o{p -1 w}B/q{p 1 w}B/r{p 2 w}B/s{p 3 w}B/t{p 4 w}B/x{0 S rmoveto}B/y{3 2 roll p a}B/bos{/SS save N}B/eos{SS restore}B end %%EndProcSet %%BeginProcSet: texps.pro %! 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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMR7) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMR7 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 50 /two put readonly def /FontBBox{-27 -250 1122 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5000790 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5CF5B8CABB9FFC6CC3F1E9AE32F234EB60FE7D E34995B1ACFF52428EA20C8ED4FD73E3935CEBD40E0EAD70C0887A451E1B1AC8 47AEDE4191CCDB8B61345FD070FD30C4F375D8418DDD454729A251B3F61DAE7C 8882384282FDD6102AE8EEFEDE6447576AFA181F27A48216A9CAD730561469E4 78B286F22328F2AE84EF183DE4119C402771A249AAC1FA5435690A28D1B47486 1060C8000D3FE1BF45133CF847A24B4F8464A63CEA01EC84AA22FD005E74847E 01426B6890951A7DD1F50A5F3285E1F958F11FC7F00EE26FEE7C63998EA1328B C9841C57C80946D2C2FC81346249A664ECFB08A2CE075036CEA7359FCA1E90C0 F686C3BB27EEFA45D548F7BD074CE60E626A4F83C69FE93A5324133A78362F30 8E8DCC80DD0C49E137CDC9AC08BAE39282E26A7A4D8C159B95F227BDA2A281AF A9DAEBF31F504380B20812A211CF9FEB112EC29A3FB3BD3E81809FC6293487A7 455EB3B879D2B4BD46942BB1243896264722CB59146C3F65BD59B96A74B12BB2 9A1354AF174932210C6E19FE584B1B14C00E746089CBB17E68845D7B3EA05105 EEE461E3697FCF835CBE6D46C75523478E766832751CF6D96EC338BDAD57D53B 52F5340FAC9FE0456AD13101824234B262AC0CABA43B62EBDA39795BAE6CFE97 563A50AAE1F195888739F2676086A9811E5C9A4A7E0BF34F3E25568930ADF80F 0BDDAC3B634AD4BA6A59720EA4749236CF0F79ABA4716C340F98517F6F06D9AB 7ED8F46FC1868B5F3D3678DF71AA772CF1F7DD222C6BF19D8EF0CFB7A76FC6D1 0AD323C176134907AB375F20CFCD667AB094E2C7CB2179C4283329C9E435E7A4 1E042AD0BAA059B3F862236180B34D3FCED833472577BACD472A4DE3E3F6222F 7A252B780C86447859579C68FE065411FD8ADADF4FC7DE51F8FD675D89D8660B E7C97553F2D04925B72675324E1F1812AAA3BD881E968F16EDE2BDEC29955667 9E28B8AFCDC4E73FC735123B91F110188E4158D075070E40460602F27C12ADA7 A45B6318E24F206E2CA486BC1A90C9AD86B84CA04B57354721DDC0A60E6C3A73 429B900B12A14AB1A57500F5DA0A649E0E3899029331E48ADCE3457B064F4D4F D4C9D6AA67E2CC75B822A090EB31C4E78B3FFA9F9F3DB10177C5AB6561041870 015CF27E4FDA0F155F1642F2BD0D4CBE322B29DA184C025DDF95869B5218A24C 90802F8C9FC82FFED0A466A364C162DDF246F203E46D650355B4C10EDE176886 2474B6FB50199C2F24CF819F44949E8DED68D4167E6657E434923FB5500BD442 56A0B82C3B 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: MSAM10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: MSAM10 2.1 %%CreationDate: 1993 Sep 17 09:05:00 % Math Symbol fonts were designed by the American Mathematical Society. % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (2.1) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (MSAM10) readonly def /FamilyName (Euler) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /MSAM10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 3 /square put readonly def /FontBBox{8 -463 1331 1003}readonly def /UniqueID 5031981 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMMI6 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI6 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:52 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI6) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI6 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 14 /delta put dup 15 /epsilon1 put dup 61 /slash put dup 96 /lscript put dup 97 /a put dup 106 /j put dup 107 /k put readonly def /FontBBox{11 -250 1241 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5087381 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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C0B214F87C739B0AF87367B1883331639972D545A684B1FBABC0D12499DB2594 05B6DF17EDA1BA2F51D8BA99A692F48367700967392DA2FBE8E325DC3A1B4AFF 72E36050962AC95A591669BCA61858395BB95262E862C1F90FC7BEF1D6685F72 DD991824C596A0A7DED97508D44C3304CC3DBBA9EB0FA73FA4C23049FE9E88EB E6D1AF375D42B62AA5F5EF4086ACB77DE87B82717E99C4478CB17D7BBDDFC9DD FCF695414FE1805674DCA87556DE0883DE459647DB3F8DAFC2DEB5BBB8FDDD93 4E4E1BADAA4F5448E60DDCEC1184FC724E6A98EBBCF4BEE86F61140C57D4BBB0 BFA93F3AF7EA540C0BEBC6C09639CA26597E262D8B6C2D24C804F227702F02F4 F6010264291B5362458664B98C561F738D765F95F06CFC23FDCC41594F349972 0D0B28AEFB8F9DB3870AAAC342368B658E39CC6805B98AD2D6B2E80EA1BFCC0A 1BA5975520ED9CA9FEEC7F892DF99E08949A7A2D15646B57A5D3A244E4DA55F1 1F85BC6741FC80DD8EE0C7E0F27DE87DE8E688FC8563C80EBE780A361ADD55A8 5708A086B7EA4926487ECEB3266E6AE8C8B04054B8CC919759E7A324ADBEFC93 E48DA90C9D86D9D6F62E86005A9915A748E5C6BFE4AD2D521DF9A341F23BE909 982E485E063EB251C9048E152BF6A847B9F800D2958A918BCA256985C0EFB149 81E209594642C8A56E31E61DB88E2D87B1328283C65CE89266C8C2AA402E193F 65D3C3393CF6C89A01137FB373F02CACB08178697F7627B3B3430F91D12FA2C3 F5F9731D76B1CC243A16 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY6 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY6 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:34 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY6) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY6 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /minus put dup 48 /prime put readonly def /FontBBox{-4 -948 1329 786}readonly def /UniqueID 5000816 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSS12 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSS12 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 17:33:47 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSS12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSS12 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 78 /N put readonly def /FontBBox{-62 -251 978 758}readonly def /UniqueID 5000804 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMMI10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI10 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:57 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 15 /epsilon1 put dup 61 /slash put dup 79 /O put dup 107 /k put dup 110 /n put dup 111 /o put dup 116 /t put readonly def /FontBBox{-32 -250 1048 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5087385 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR12 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR12 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:38:05 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMR12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMR12 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 2 /Theta put dup 8 /Phi put dup 10 /Omega put dup 33 /exclam put dup 40 /parenleft put dup 41 /parenright put dup 43 /plus put dup 48 /zero put dup 49 /one put dup 50 /two put dup 51 /three put dup 52 /four put dup 53 /five put dup 54 /six put dup 55 /seven put dup 56 /eight put dup 57 /nine put dup 58 /colon put dup 61 /equal put dup 73 /I put dup 80 /P put dup 81 /Q put dup 82 /R put dup 91 /bracketleft put dup 93 /bracketright put dup 98 /b put dup 100 /d put dup 103 /g put dup 105 /i put dup 108 /l put dup 109 /m put dup 110 /n put dup 111 /o put dup 114 /r put dup 126 /tilde put readonly def /FontBBox{-34 -251 988 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5000794 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMMI12 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI12 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 27 08:57:55 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI12 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 11 /alpha put dup 12 /beta put dup 14 /delta put dup 15 /epsilon1 put dup 17 /eta put dup 20 /kappa put dup 21 /lambda put dup 26 /rho put dup 27 /sigma put dup 28 /tau put dup 30 /phi put dup 58 /period put dup 59 /comma put dup 60 /less put dup 61 /slash put dup 62 /greater put dup 65 /A put dup 66 /B put dup 68 /D put dup 69 /E put dup 71 /G put dup 72 /H put dup 73 /I put dup 77 /M put dup 78 /N put dup 79 /O put dup 80 /P put dup 81 /Q put dup 83 /S put dup 85 /U put dup 86 /V put dup 89 /Y put dup 90 /Z put dup 96 /lscript put dup 97 /a put dup 98 /b put dup 99 /c put dup 100 /d put dup 104 /h put dup 105 /i put dup 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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMEX10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMEX10 1.00 %%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:22:48 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.00) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMEX10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMEX10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /parenleftbig put dup 1 /parenrightbig put dup 16 /parenleftBig put dup 17 /parenrightBig put dup 22 /floorleftbigg put dup 23 /floorrightbigg put dup 26 /braceleftbigg put dup 27 /bracerightbigg put dup 80 /summationtext put dup 81 /producttext put dup 88 /summationdisplay put dup 112 /radicalbig put readonly def /FontBBox{-24 -2960 1454 772}readonly def /UniqueID 5000774 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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%%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSY8 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY8 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:22:10 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY8) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY8 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /minus put dup 1 /periodcentered put dup 3 /asteriskmath put dup 18 /reflexsubset put dup 21 /greaterequal put dup 48 /prime put dup 50 /element put dup 98 /floorleft put dup 99 /floorright put dup 102 /braceleft put dup 103 /braceright put dup 106 /bar put dup 112 /radical put readonly def /FontBBox{-30 -955 1185 779}readonly def /UniqueID 5000818 def currentdict end currentfile eexec D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052F09F9C8ADE9D907C058B87E9B6964 7D53359E51216774A4EAA1E2B58EC3176BD1184A633B951372B4198D4E8C5EF4 A213ACB58AA0A658908035BF2ED8531779838A960DFE2B27EA49C37156989C85 E21B3ABF72E39A89232CD9F4237FC80C9E64E8425AA3BEF7DED60B122A52922A 221A37D9A807DD01161779DDE7D5FC1B2109839E5B52DFBB2A7C1B5D8E7E8AA0 5B10EA43D6A8ED61AF5B23D49920D8F79DAB6A59062134D84AC0100187A6CD1F 80F5DDD9D222ACB1C23326A7656A635C4A241CCD32CBFDF8363206B8AA36E107 1477F5496111E055C7491002AFF272E46ECC46422F0380D093284870022523FB DA1716CC4F2E2CCAD5F173FCBE6EDDB874AD255CD5E5C0F86214393FCB5F5C20 9C3C2BB5886E36FC3CCC21483C3AC193485A46E9D22BD7201894E4D45ADD9BF1 CC5CF6A5010B5654AC0BE0DA903DB563B13840BA3015F72E51E3BC80156388BA F83C7D393392BCBC227771CDCB976E9330253243205FFB3CA5D356218DA3226D F1A87B8617BE385EEAA2D478CD2AEFD997EF6A65BD61F1FE8A3B540866474819 A36E7BCA910A2D81D2697A7DBF5F46EB6E4730EA7A449B0A958741A1ACF81C26 8382D241EC0279F8AFF1075D481166997B553CA96D07D6C195D2E73B36D9B10A 3774EF028C57D2A841B2B1D15CA61638D3BAB6C2CA871B8CA7459263D95EE5F9 6723EE5E2183F218861548AC492250FA114B4717379EB77F0BEC2D308BACB784 7E1AF01DBAFDB1C9913148DF62853A64C887932400EBBF07E4AEF6DCE1FCAFDD 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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR6 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR6 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:02 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMR6) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMR6 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 43 /plus put dup 48 /zero put dup 49 /one put dup 50 /two put dup 51 /three put dup 61 /equal put readonly def /FontBBox{-20 -250 1193 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5000789 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMMI8 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI8 1.100 %%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:54 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.100) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMMI8) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.04 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMMI8 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 11 /alpha put dup 14 /delta put dup 15 /epsilon1 put dup 27 /sigma put dup 28 /tau put dup 58 /period put dup 59 /comma put dup 61 /slash put dup 65 /A put dup 66 /B put dup 69 /E put dup 79 /O put dup 84 /T put dup 86 /V put dup 96 /lscript put dup 97 /a put dup 98 /b put dup 100 /d put dup 102 /f put dup 104 /h put dup 105 /i put dup 106 /j put dup 107 /k put dup 109 /m put dup 110 /n put dup 112 /p put dup 116 /t put dup 120 /x put readonly def /FontBBox{-24 -250 1110 750}readonly def /UniqueID 5087383 def currentdict end currentfile eexec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All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def /FullName (CMSY10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -14.035 def /isFixedPitch false def end readonly def /FontName /CMSY10 def /PaintType 0 def /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 0 /minus put dup 1 /periodcentered put dup 2 /multiply put dup 3 /asteriskmath put dup 8 /circleplus put dup 17 /equivalence put dup 18 /reflexsubset put dup 20 /lessequal put dup 21 /greaterequal put dup 24 /similar put dup 33 /arrowright put dup 41 /arrowdblright put dup 50 /element put dup 52 /triangle put dup 54 /negationslash put dup 56 /universal put dup 69 /E put dup 73 /I put dup 75 /K put dup 80 /P put dup 82 /R put dup 89 /Y put dup 94 /logicaland put dup 100 /ceilingleft put dup 101 /ceilingright put dup 102 /braceleft put dup 103 /braceright put dup 106 /bar put dup 112 /radical put readonly def /FontBBox{-29 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58C80F44F487B3B0496DE7E60B61C79C8A80 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMR8 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR8 1.0 %%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:40 % Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. 11 dict begin /FontInfo 7 dict dup begin /version (1.0) readonly def /Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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Fq(j)2724 3436 y Fp(1)2758 3427 y Fq(;j)2807 3436 y Fp(2)2845 3412 y Fv(.)244 3533 y Fu(D)325 3548 y Fs(10)432 3533 y Fv(sends)g Fr(\010)770 3548 y Fq(\033)812 3529 y Fe(0)836 3548 y Fs(\()p Fq(j)892 3557 y Fp(1)926 3548 y Fs(\)=1)p Fq(;\034)8 b Fs(\()p Fq(j)1158 3557 y Fp(2)1193 3548 y Fs(\)=1)1315 3533 y Fu(x)1370 3548 y Fq(j)1399 3557 y Fp(1)1434 3548 y Fq(;j)1483 3557 y Fp(2)1520 3533 y Fv(.)44 b Fu(D)1672 3548 y Fs(11)1779 3533 y Fv(sends)34 b Fr(\010)2117 3548 y Fq(\033)2159 3529 y Fe(0)2183 3548 y Fs(\()p Fq(j)2239 3557 y Fp(1)2273 3548 y Fs(\)=1)p Fq(;\034)2449 3529 y Fe(0)2472 3548 y Fs(\()p Fq(j)2528 3557 y Fp(2)2563 3548 y Fs(\)=1)2684 3533 y Fu(x)2739 3548 y Fq(j)2768 3557 y Fp(1)2803 3548 y Fq(;j)2852 3557 y Fp(2)2890 3533 y Fv(.)119 3733 y(6.)49 b(Alice)32 b(X)m(ORs)i(the)g(four)f(bits.)45 b(Since)33 b Fu(x)1694 3748 y Fq(i)1718 3757 y Fp(1)1753 3748 y Fq(;i)1797 3757 y Fp(2)1869 3733 y Fv(is)g(the)h(only)e(bit)h(that)g (app)s(eared)g(an)h(o)s(dd)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)244 3854 y(times,)f(the)h(result)f(is)g Fu(x)1124 3869 y Fq(i)1148 3878 y Fp(1)1183 3869 y Fq(;i)1227 3878 y Fp(2)1265 3854 y Fv(.)146 4071 y(Note)h(that)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)f(bits) g(sen)m(t)i(is)e Ft(8)1768 3999 y Fr(p)p 1851 3999 V 72 x Fu(n)22 b Ft(+)g(4)p Fv(.)p 3829 4071 4 66 v 3833 4008 59 4 v 3833 4071 V 3891 4071 4 66 v 0 4358 a Fk(3.2)130 b(A)45 b Fj(k)t Fk(-DB,)e Fj(O)s Fi(\(\()p Fj(k)23 b Fi(lg)e Fj(k)t Fi(\))p Fj(n)1388 4315 y Fh(1)p Fg(=)p Fh(lg)13 b Fg(k)s Fh(+lg)h(lg)g Fg(k)1869 4358 y Fi(\))p Fk(\(?\)-bit)45 b(PIR)e(Sc)l(heme)0 4543 y Fv(The)31 b(PIR)f(sc)m(hemes)i(in)d(this)g(section)h(are)g(from)f(Chor)h(et)g (al.)f([23].)42 b(W)-8 b(e)30 b(sho)m(w)h(a)f(2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3398 4507 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3507 4543 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)0 4663 y(sc)m(heme,)j(whic)m(h)f(con)m (tains)f(most)f(of)h(the)h(ideas.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(will)d(then)j(sk)m (etc)m(h)h(a)e Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)g(case,)i(whic)m(h)f(is)e(similar)0 4784 y(but)k(whose)h(bit)d(complexit)m(y)h(dep)s(ends)i(on)f(op)s(en)f (questions)i(in)m(v)m(olving)d(co)m(v)m(ering)i(sets.)146 4904 y(In)42 b(the)f(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i(from)c(Theorem)j(3.2,)h(Alice)d (sends)i(man)m(y)f(more)f(bits)h(than)g(the)h(database)0 5025 y(sends.)91 b(By)48 b(making)f(the)h(databases)h(send)g(a)e (comparable)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)f(bits)h(as)g(Alice,)i(the)f(total)0 5145 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)33 b(of)f(bits)g(comm)m(unicated)g(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)i(Alice)e(and)g(the)h(databases)h(can)e(b)s(e)h(reduced.)0 5340 y Fn(Theorem)k(3.3.)42 b Fm([23)o(])35 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h(a)f(a)h(2-DB)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1875 5304 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1984 5340 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(PIR)f(scheme.)p eop end %%Page: 6 6 TeXDict begin 6 5 bop 0 100 a Fn(KEY)44 b(IDEA:)g(T)-9 b(w)m(o)44 b(databases)j(can)e(do)h(the)f(w)m(ork)f(of)h(eigh)m(t.)72 b(Co)m(v)m(ering)44 b(co)s(des)i(help)e(to)0 220 y(organize)37 b(who)g(do)s(es)i(what.)0 418 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(By)32 b(the)f Fu(n)d Ft(=)g(8)j Fv(case)h(of)e(Theorem)i(3.2)e (there)i(is)f(an)g(8-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2682 382 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2791 418 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)h(sc)m(heme.)44 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(can)0 538 y(decrease)38 b(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)h(of)e (databases)h(from)f(eigh)m(t)g(to)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(b)m(y)f(ha)m(ving)g(t)m (w)m(o)g(databases)g(sim)m(ulate)f(the)0 659 y(w)m(ork)j(of)f(eigh)m(t) f(databases.)62 b(In)38 b(particular,)g Fu(D)s(B)1877 674 y Fq(A)1972 659 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)f Fu(D)s(B)2562 674 y Fs(000)2672 659 y Fv(,)i Fu(D)s(B)2896 674 y Fs(001)3006 659 y Fv(,)h Fu(D)s(B)3231 674 y Fs(010)3340 659 y Fv(,)g Fu(D)s(B)3565 674 y Fs(100)3675 659 y Fv(;)h(and)0 779 y Fu(D)s(B)158 794 y Fq(B)253 779 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)33 b Fu(D)s(B)839 794 y Fs(111)948 779 y Fv(,)i Fu(D)s(B)1168 794 y Fs(011)1278 779 y Fv(,)f Fu(D)s(B)1497 794 y Fs(101)1641 779 y Fv(and)g Fu(D)s(B)1990 794 y Fs(110)2100 779 y Fv(.)48 b(The)35 b(sim)m(ulation)d(is)h(designed)i(so)f(that)g Fu(D)s(B)3843 794 y Fq(A)0 899 y Fv(\()p Fu(D)s(B)196 914 y Fq(B)256 899 y Fv(\))c(sim)m(ulates)e(databases)j(whose)f(3-bit)e (lab)s(els)g(are)i(of)f Fm(Hamming)i(distanc)-5 b(e)36 b Fr(\024)28 b Ft(1)i Fv(from)e(000)h(\(111\).)0 1045 y Fn(2-DB,)37 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)501 1009 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)611 1045 y Ft(\))p Fn(,)g(Information-Theoretic)f(PIR)g(Sc) m(heme)119 1276 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)26 b(views)j(the)f(database)g(as)g (a)f Fu(n)1558 1240 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1681 1276 y Fr(\002)12 b Fu(n)1828 1240 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1951 1276 y Fr(\002)g Fu(n)2098 1240 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2236 1276 y Fv(grid.)41 b(Alice)27 b(w)m(an)m(ts)i Fu(x)3042 1291 y Fq(i)3066 1300 y Fp(1)3101 1291 y Fq(;i)3145 1300 y Fp(2)3179 1291 y Fq(;i)3223 1300 y Fp(3)3261 1276 y Fv(.)42 b(The)29 b(database)244 1396 y(is)j Fu(x)p Fv(.)119 1601 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(generates)j Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)31 b Fr(2)d(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1523 1565 y Fq(n)1566 1541 y Fp(1)p Fd(=)p Fp(3)1699 1601 y Fv(and)32 b(creates)i Fu(\033)2273 1565 y Fo(0)2324 1601 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(\033)e Fr(\010)c Fu(i)2641 1616 y Fs(1)2681 1601 y Fv(,)33 b Fu(\034)2794 1565 y Fo(0)2845 1601 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(\034)33 b Fr(\010)23 b Fu(i)3157 1616 y Fs(2)3197 1601 y Fv(,)32 b Fu(\021)3308 1565 y Fo(0)3359 1601 y Ft(=)27 b Fu(\021)3514 1565 y Fo(0)3560 1601 y Fr(\010)22 b Fu(i)3692 1616 y Fs(3)3732 1601 y Fv(.)119 1806 y(3.)49 b(Alice)35 b(sends)j Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)40 b Fv(to)c Fu(D)s(B)1317 1821 y Fq(A)1374 1806 y Fv(.)54 b(Clearly)36 b Fu(D)s(B)1956 1821 y Fq(A)2049 1806 y Fv(can)g(sim)m(ulate)f Fu(D)s(B)2781 1821 y Fs(000)2927 1806 y Fv(\(from)g(the)i(original)c(PIR)244 1926 y(sc)m(heme\))c(and)f(send)i(bac)m(k)f(the)f(needed)i(single)d (bit.)41 b(Consider)28 b(what)h Fu(D)s(B)2977 1941 y Fq(A)3062 1926 y Fv(m)m(ust)f(do)g(to)g(sim)m(ulate)244 2046 y Fu(D)s(B)402 2061 y Fs(100)512 2046 y Fv(.)76 b Fu(D)s(B)773 2061 y Fq(A)873 2046 y Fv(kno)m(ws)45 b(that)e Fu(D)s(B)1557 2061 y Fs(100)1711 2046 y Fv(w)m(ould)g(ha)m(v)m (e)i(receiv)m(ed)g(the)f(follo)m(wing)c(strings:)65 b Fu(\033)3662 2010 y Fo(0)3686 2046 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)t Fv(.)244 2167 y Fu(D)s(B)402 2182 y Fq(A)493 2167 y Fv(already)34 b(has)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(of)f(the)h(three)g(strings)f (that)g Fu(D)s(B)2423 2182 y Fs(100)2567 2167 y Fv(has)h(\(namely)-8 b(,)34 b Fu(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)t Fv(\))34 b(but)g(do)s(es)h(not)244 2287 y(ha)m(v)m(e)i Fu(\033)531 2251 y Fo(0)555 2287 y Fv(;)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(it)35 b(kno)m(ws)j(that)e Fu(\033)1698 2251 y Fo(0)1757 2287 y Fv(and)h Fu(\033)j Fv(\(whic)m(h)d(it)e(do)s(es)i(ha)m(v)m(e\))g(di\033er)f(b)m(y)h(only)f (one)h(bit.)244 2408 y Fu(D)s(B)402 2423 y Fq(A)501 2408 y Fv(can)43 b(create)h(and)f(use)g(all)e Fu(n)1570 2371 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1723 2408 y Fv(p)s(ossible)h(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(of)f Fu(\033)2581 2371 y Fo(0)2604 2408 y Fv(.)74 b(Sp)s(eci\034cally)-8 b(,)44 b Fu(D)s(B)3404 2423 y Fq(A)3504 2408 y Fv(generates)244 2528 y Fu(\033)29 b Fr(\010)c Fu(i)37 b Fv(for)f Ft(0)f Fr(\024)g Fu(i)g(<)f(n)1085 2492 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1196 2528 y Fv(.)55 b(Eac)m(h)38 b(of)e(the)h(strings)g(generated)g(is)f(a)h(candidate)f(for)g Fu(\033)3428 2492 y Fo(0)3451 2528 y Fv(.)56 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(eac)m(h)244 2648 y(candidate)f Fu(D)s(B)849 2663 y Fq(A)940 2648 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)f(what)h Fu(D)s(B)1773 2663 y Fs(100)1918 2648 y Fv(w)m(ould)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(done.)51 b(Note)35 b(that)g(there)h(are)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3753 2612 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3862 2648 y Ft(\))244 2769 y Fv(candidates)c(for)f Fu(\033)931 2733 y Fo(0)985 2769 y Fv(and)h(eac)m(h)g(one)g(leads)g(to)f(a)g(1-bit)f(answ)m(er.)45 b(Hence)32 b Fu(D)s(B)3044 2784 y Fq(A)3131 2769 y Fv(sends)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3564 2733 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3674 2769 y Ft(\))e Fv(bits)244 2889 y(to)j(sim)m(ulate)f Fu(D)s(B)911 2904 y Fs(100)1021 2889 y Fv(.)46 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)30 b(it)j(can)h(sim)m(ulate)e Fu(D)s(B)2355 2904 y Fs(010)2498 2889 y Fv(and)i Fu(D)s(B)2847 2904 y Fs(001)2956 2889 y Fv(.)47 b(The)34 b(total)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)244 3010 y(bits)f(sen)m(t)i(bac)m(k)f(is)f Ft(3)p Fu(n)1070 2973 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1203 3010 y Ft(+)22 b(1)p Fv(.)119 3214 y(4.)49 b(Alice)34 b(sends)j Fu(\033)816 3178 y Fo(0)840 3214 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)937 3178 y Fo(0)960 3214 y Fu(;)g(\021)1056 3178 y Fo(0)1114 3214 y Fv(to)35 b Fu(D)s(B)1394 3229 y Fq(B)1455 3214 y Fv(.)52 b(Similar)32 b(to)j(the)h(last)f(step,)i Fu(D)s(B)2749 3229 y Fq(B)2845 3214 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)d Fu(D)s(B)3432 3229 y Fs(111)3542 3214 y Fv(,)i Fu(D)s(B)3763 3229 y Fs(110)3873 3214 y Fv(,)244 3335 y Fu(D)s(B)402 3350 y Fs(101)512 3335 y Fv(,)c(and)h Fu(D)s(B)919 3350 y Fs(011)1029 3335 y Fv(.)119 3540 y(5.)49 b(Alice)23 b(X)m(OR's)i(the)g(relev)-5 b(an)m(t)24 b(bits.)41 b(That)24 b(is,)i(she)f(ignores)f(all)f(of)h(the)g(bits)g (send)i(bac)m(k)f(except)h(those)244 3660 y(corresp)s(onding)k(to)g Fr(f)p Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)t Fr(g)p Fv(,)31 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)1675 3624 y Fo(0)1698 3660 y Fr(g)p Fv(,)31 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)2006 3624 y Fo(0)2029 3660 y Fu(;)g(\021)t Fr(g)p Fv(,)31 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)2342 3624 y Fo(0)2365 3660 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)t Fr(g)p Fv(,)30 b(\(whic)m(h)h Fu(D)s(B)3133 3675 y Fq(A)3220 3660 y Fv(sends)h(bac)m(k\))g(and)244 3780 y Fr(f)p Fu(\033)353 3744 y Fo(0)376 3780 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)473 3744 y Fo(0)496 3780 y Fu(;)g(\021)592 3744 y Fo(0)615 3780 y Fr(g)p Fv(,)33 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(\034)925 3744 y Fo(0)948 3780 y Fu(;)g(\021)1044 3744 y Fo(0)1067 3780 y Fr(g)p Fv(,)33 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)1286 3744 y Fo(0)1309 3780 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)6 b(;)17 b(\021)1497 3744 y Fo(0)1519 3780 y Fr(g)p Fv(,)33 b Fr(f)p Fu(\033)1738 3744 y Fo(0)1761 3780 y Fu(;)17 b(\034)1858 3744 y Fo(0)1881 3780 y Fu(;)g(\021)t Fr(g)p Fv(,)32 b(\(whic)m(h)h Fu(D)s(B)2561 3795 y Fq(B)2654 3780 y Fv(sends)h(bac)m(k\).)146 4011 y(Alice)26 b(sends)i Ft(6)p Fu(n)749 3974 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)885 4011 y Fv(bits)e(and)g(eac)m(h)h(database)g(sends)h(bac)m(k)f Ft(3)p Fu(n)2449 3974 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2569 4011 y Ft(+)9 b(1)26 b Fv(bits,)h(for)f(a)g(total)f(of)h Ft(12)p Fu(n)3647 3974 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3766 4011 y Ft(+)9 b(2)0 4131 y Fv(bits.)p 3829 4131 4 66 v 3833 4069 59 4 v 3833 4131 V 3891 4131 4 66 v 0 4413 a Fn(Note)52 b(3.4.)d Fv(Itoh)d([41])g(presen)m(ts)i(a)e(sligh)m(tly)f(di\033eren)m (t)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i(yields)e Ft(12)p Fu(n)3185 4377 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3294 4413 y Fv(.)85 b(Beimel)44 b(and)0 4533 y(Ishai)31 b([9,)h(10)o(])g(use)h(a)e(di\033eren)m(t)h (approac)m(h)g(whic)m(h)g(yields)f Ft(7)p Fu(:)p Ft(27)p Fu(n)2360 4497 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2470 4533 y Fv(.)43 b(Impro)m(ving)31 b(this)g(constan)m(t)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)0 4654 y(imp)s(ortan)m(t)38 b(in)h(that)h(the)g(tec)m(hniques)i(emplo)m (y)m(ed)e(ma)m(y)f(lead)h(to)f(a)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(that)f(uses)h Fu(<<)f(n)3790 4617 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)0 4774 y Fv(bits.)146 4979 y(The)45 b(k)m(ey)h(to)e(Theorem)g(3.3)f(is)h(that)g(w)m(e)h(to)s (ok)e(an)h(8-DB,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2606 4943 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2716 4979 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)e(database)j(and)f(got)f(t)m(w) m(o)0 5099 y(databases)h(to)g(do)f(the)h(w)m(ork)h(of)e(eigh)m(t)g (since)h(there)h(are)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(v)m(ectors)c Fu(~)-45 b(v)2805 5114 y Fs(1)2844 5099 y Fu(;)13 b(~)-45 b(v)2935 5114 y Fs(2)3021 5099 y Fr(2)47 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3376 5063 y Fs(3)3458 5099 y Fv(that)44 b(co)m(v)m(er)0 5220 y Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)242 5183 y Fs(3)311 5220 y Fv(in)30 b(that)g(ev)m(ery)e Fu(~)-45 b(v)34 b Fv(is)c(at)h(most)f(one)g(bit)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)i(from) d(either)d Fu(~)-45 b(v)2536 5235 y Fs(1)2606 5220 y Fv(or)27 b Fu(~)-45 b(v)2771 5235 y Fs(2)2810 5220 y Fv(.)43 b(This)31 b(is)f(called)f(a)h Fm(c)-5 b(overing)0 5340 y(set)p Fv(.)43 b(>F)-8 b(rom)31 b(Theorem)h(3.2)g(w)m(e)h(kno)m (w)g(there)g(is)f(a)f Ft(2)1960 5304 y Fq(d)2001 5340 y Fv(-DB,)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2410 5304 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)2520 5340 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)h(sc)m(heme.)45 b(If)32 b(w)m(e)h(can)f(\034nd)p eop end %%Page: 7 7 TeXDict begin 7 6 bop 0 100 a Fu(k)33 b Fv(v)m(ectors)e(that)e(co)m(v)m (er)i Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1111 63 y Fq(d)1180 100 y Fv(then)30 b(w)m(e)g(can)g(generalize)f(the)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h (from)d(the)i(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(theorem.)0 220 y(The)i(problem)e(is)h (that)g(the)h(status)f(of)g Fu(k)s Fv(,)h(called)e(the)i(problem)d(of)i (co)m(v)m(ering)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers,)g(is)f(not)g(resolv)m(ed)0 340 y(\(see)j([24)o(,)f(25)o(,)g(37)o(,)g(58]\).)43 b(Ev)m(en)34 b(so,)f(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(follo)m(wing)d(theorem)i(and)h(sp)s (eculation.)0 536 y Fn(Theorem)k(3.5.)42 b Fm([23)o(])115 732 y(1.)49 b(Assume)26 b(ther)-5 b(e)27 b(ar)-5 b(e)26 b Fu(k)k Fm(ve)-5 b(ctors)26 b(in)h Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1745 696 y Fq(d)1811 732 y Fm(that)27 b(c)-5 b(over)26 b Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)2491 696 y Fq(d)2530 732 y Fm(.)42 b(Then)26 b(ther)-5 b(e)26 b(is)h(a)f Fu(k)s Fm(-DB,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3717 696 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)3827 732 y Ft(\))p Fm(-)244 853 y(bit)35 b(PIR)f(scheme.)115 1053 y(2.)49 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h(a)f(4-DB,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1179 1017 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(4)1288 1053 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(PIR)f(scheme.)115 1254 y(3.)49 b(This)34 b(te)-5 b(chnique)34 b(c)-5 b(an)35 b(le)-5 b(ad)34 b(to,)h(at)g(b)-5 b(est,)34 b(a)h Fu(k)s Fm(-DB,)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)19 b Ft(lg)e Fu(k)s Ft(\))p Fu(n)2570 1218 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(lg)d Fq(k)r Fs(+lg)e(lg)h Fq(k)r Fs(\))3035 1254 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)35 b(PIR)f(scheme.)0 1450 y(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of)35 b(sketch:)0 1571 y Fv(1\))d(This)h(is)f (similar)d(to)j(the)h(pro)s(of)f(of)g(Theorem)h(3.3)0 1691 y(2\))f(This)h(follo)m(ws)e(from)g(part)i(a)f(using)g(the)h(v)m (ectors)h Fr(f)p Ft(0000)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1000)p Fu(;)g Ft(0111)p Fu(;)g Ft(1111)p Fr(g)0 1811 y Fv(3\))32 b(This)h(follo)m(ws) e(from)g(the)i Fm(volume)i(b)-5 b(ound)32 b Fv(of)g(Gallager)d([32],)k (though)f(it)g(is)g(not)g(hard)h(to)f(pro)m(v)m(e.)45 b Fc(\003)146 1932 y Fv(W)-8 b(e)41 b(tend)g(to)f(think)h(that)f(the)h (lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)f(on)h(co)m(v)m(ering)g(sets)g(is)f(equal)h(to) f(the)h(upp)s(er)g(b)s(ound;)0 2052 y(hence,)j(w)m(e)d(think)f(there)h (is)f(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)19 b Ft(lg)f Fu(k)s Ft(\))p Fu(n)1904 2016 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(lg)13 b Fq(k)r Fs(+lg)f(lg)h Fq(k)r Fs(\))2368 2052 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)39 b(PIR)i(sc)m(heme.)68 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)44 b(this)c(is)0 2173 y(unkno)m(wn)e(as)e(of)f(this)h(time.)53 b(It)36 b(is)f(also)g(not)h(imp)s(ortan)m(t)e(for)i(PIR)g(since,)h(as)f (w)m(e)i(will)33 b(see)k(in)f(the)g(next)0 2293 y(section,)d(there)g (exist)g(m)m(uc)m(h)g(b)s(etter)g(PIR)g(sc)m(hemes.)0 2580 y Fk(3.3)130 b(A)45 b Fj(k)t Fk(-DB)e Fj(O)s Fi(\(2)986 2537 y Fg(k)1032 2507 y Fb(2)1073 2580 y Fj(n)1143 2537 y Fh(1)p Fg(=)p Fh(2)p Fg(k)s FE(\000)p Fh(1)1424 2580 y Fi(\))p Fk(-bit)h(PIR)f(Sc)l(heme)0 2765 y Fv(The)36 b(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)g(in)f(this)h(section)g(is)f(b)m(y)h(Am)m(bainis)e ([2].)50 b(The)36 b(main)d(new)i(idea)f(is)h(to)f(use)i(recursion;)0 2886 y(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)f(to)d(set)h(up)g(the)g(recursion)g(w)m(e)h (need)f(a)f(lopsided)g(proto)s(col.)0 3081 y Fn(Lemma)37 b(3.6.)42 b Fm([2])34 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h(a)g(2-DB)e(PIR)i(scheme)e (wher)-5 b(e)35 b(the)f(fol)5 b(lowing)34 b(hold.)115 3277 y(1.)49 b(Both)34 b(datab)-5 b(ases)34 b(r)-5 b(e)g(c)g(eive)34 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(n)1453 3241 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1691 3277 y Ft(\))h Fm(bits.)115 3478 y(2.)49 b(One)34 b(of)h(the)f(datab)-5 b(ases)34 b(sends)g(b)-5 b(ack)34 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(n)1866 3442 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2105 3478 y Ft(\))g Fm(bits.)115 3679 y(3.)49 b(The)34 b(other)h(datab)-5 b(ase)34 b(sends)g(b)-5 b(ack)34 b Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)1730 3643 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)1807 3679 y Fu(n)1865 3643 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2232 3679 y Ft(\))h Fm(bits.)115 3880 y(4.)49 b(A)n(lic)-5 b(e)31 b(only)h(ne)-5 b(e)g(ds)31 b Fu(k)19 b Ft(+)d(1)27 b(=)h(\002\()p Fu(k)s Ft(\))k Fm(of)g(the)g(bits)f(sent)h(b)-5 b(ack)32 b(by)g Fu(D)s(B)2677 3895 y Fq(A)2766 3880 y Fm(and)f Ft(2)3001 3844 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3185 3880 y Fr(\000)16 b Fu(k)j Fr(\000)d Ft(1)28 b(=)g(\002\(2)3785 3844 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)3862 3880 y Ft(\))244 4000 y Fm(bits)35 b(send)f(b)-5 b(ack)34 b(by)h Fu(D)s(B)1149 4015 y Fq(B)1209 4000 y Fm(.)0 4196 y(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(W)-8 b(e)32 b(will)d(b)s(e)i(sim)m(ulating)d(the)k Ft(2)1475 4160 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1642 4196 y Fv(-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2024 4160 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2262 4196 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)d(PIR)j(Sc)m(heme)g(of)e (Theorem)i(3.2)e(with)0 4317 y(t)m(w)m(o)35 b(databases.)49 b(Hence)36 b(w)m(e)f(will)d(b)s(e)i(viewing)g(the)g(database)h(as)f(a)g Ft(2)p Fu(k)26 b Fr(\000)e Ft(1)p Fv(-dimensional)31 b(arra)m(y)j(of)g Ft(0)p Fv('s)0 4437 y(and)40 b Ft(1)p Fv('s.)66 b Fu(D)s(B)562 4452 y Fq(A)659 4437 y Fv(will)37 b(sim)m(ulate)i(the)h Fu(k)30 b Ft(+)d(1)40 b Fv(databases)h(that)f (are)g(of)f(Hamming)f(distance)i Fr(\024)h Ft(1)e Fv(from)0 4557 y Ft(00)17 b Fr(\001)g(\001)g(\001)d Ft(0)32 b Fu(D)s(B)486 4572 y Fq(B)579 4557 y Fv(will)e(sim)m(ulate)h(the)i(remaining)d Ft(2)1823 4521 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2014 4557 y Fr(\000)22 b Fu(k)j Fr(\000)e Ft(1)32 b Fv(databases.)0 4701 y Fn(2-DB,)37 b(Lopsided)h(Information-Theoretic)e(PIR)g(Sc)m (heme)119 4920 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(w)m(an)m(ts)j(bit)e Fu(x)974 4935 y Fq(i)998 4944 y Fp(1)1033 4935 y Fq(;:::)n(;i)1155 4947 y Fp(2)p Fd(k)q Fe(\000)p Fp(1)1306 4920 y Fv(.)119 5139 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(generates)j Fu(\033)974 5154 y Fs(1)1014 5139 y Fu(;)17 b(\033)1113 5154 y Fs(2)1152 5139 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033)1426 5154 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1622 5139 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1958 5103 y Fq(n)2001 5080 y Fp(1)p Fd(=)p Fp(2)p Fd(k)q Fe(\000)p Fp(1)2213 5139 y Fv(.)119 5340 y(3.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)h Fu(j)34 b Fr(\024)28 b Ft(2)p Fu(k)s Fr(\000)33 b Fv(Alice)e(forms)h Fu(\033)1566 5304 y Fo(0)1562 5365 y Fq(j)1627 5340 y Ft(=)27 b Fu(\033)1785 5355 y Fq(j)1844 5340 y Fr(\010)c Fu(i)1977 5355 y Fq(j)2014 5340 y Fv(.)p eop end %%Page: 8 8 TeXDict begin 8 7 bop 119 100 a Fv(4.)49 b(Alice)31 b(sends)k Fu(\033)807 115 y Fs(1)846 100 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033)1120 115 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1321 100 y Fv(to)32 b Fu(D)s(B)1598 115 y Fq(A)1655 100 y Fv(.)43 b(Alice)32 b(sends)i Fu(\033)2292 63 y Fo(0)2288 124 y Fs(1)2328 100 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033)2606 63 y Fo(0)2602 126 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2803 100 y Fv(to)32 b Fu(D)s(B)3080 115 y Fq(B)3140 100 y Fv(.)119 308 y(5.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 323 y Fq(A)503 308 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)43 b Fu(D)s(B)1099 323 y Fs(0)p Fo(\001\001\001)o Fs(0)1276 308 y Fv(and)h(all)e(databases)j(of)f(Hamming)d(distance)k(of)e(one)i (from)e Fu(D)s(B)3767 323 y Fs(0)p Fo(\001\001\001)o Fs(0)244 429 y Fv(\(using)36 b(the)g Fu(n)770 393 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1046 429 y Fv(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i (describ)s(ed)f(in)e(Section)h(3.2\).)54 b(This)37 b(tak)m(es)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)27 b Fr(\002)e Fu(n)3568 393 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))3862 429 y Ft(\))244 549 y Fv(bits)j(\(similar)e(to)i(the)h(pro)s(of)f(of)h(Theorem)g (3.3\).)42 b(Alice)27 b(only)i(uses)h(the)f Fu(k)18 b Ft(+)d(1)28 b Fv(bits)g(corresp)s(onding)244 670 y(to)k(the)h(correct)g (guesses)i(as)d(to)h(the)g(queries)g(that)f(w)m(ould)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s (een)f(ask)m(ed.)119 878 y(6.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 893 y Fq(B)501 878 y Fv(sim)m(ulates)38 b Fu(D)s(B)1092 893 y Fs(1)p Fo(\001\001\001)o Fs(1)1265 878 y Fv(and)h(all)e(databases)j (with)f(index)g(Hamming)d(distance)k(less)f(than)g(or)244 999 y(equal)25 b(to)g Ft(2)p Fu(k)11 b Fr(\000)c Ft(3)25 b Fv(from)f Ft(1)17 b Fr(\001)g(\001)g(\001)d Ft(1)p Fv(,)27 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3833 1716 V 3891 1716 4 66 v 146 1921 a(W)-8 b(e)33 b(use)h(the)f (lopsided)f(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i(to)e(build)g(a)g(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)g(of)f (the)h(desired)g(complexit)m(y)-8 b(.)0 2130 y Fn(Theorem)37 b(3.7.)42 b Fm([2)o(])35 b(F)-7 b(or)34 b(al)5 b(l)35 b Fu(k)i Fm(ther)-5 b(e)35 b(is)g(a)f Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)2108 2094 y Fq(k)2147 2070 y Fp(2)2185 2130 y Fu(n)2243 2094 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2482 2130 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)g(scheme.)0 2338 y Fn(KEY)52 b(IDEAS:)f(The)i Fu(k)j Fn(databases)f(sim)m(ulate)c(the)h(t)m(w)m(o)g (databases)j(from)d(the)h(lopsides)0 2459 y(sc)m(heme.)73 b(Since)44 b(Alice)f(only)i(needs)h(one)f(bit)f(of)i(what)f(the)g (database)i(is)d(going)h(to)f(send)0 2579 y(her,)38 b(apply)f(the)h (PIR)e(sc)m(heme)h(recursiv)m(ely)f(to)h(get)g(that)g(bit.)0 2785 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(W)-8 b(e)36 b(build)d(the)i(PIR)g(sc) m(heme)i(b)m(y)e(induction.)50 b(The)35 b(base)h(case)g(is)e(the)h (2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3393 2749 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3502 2785 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)0 2906 y(sc)m(heme)d(from)d (Theorem)i(3.3.)42 b(Assume)31 b(inductiv)m(ely)e(that)g(there)i(is)e (a)g Fu(k)19 b Fr(\000)d Ft(1)p Fv(-DB,)30 b Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)3256 2869 y Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))3439 2846 y Fp(2)3478 2906 y Fu(n)3536 2869 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3\))3830 2906 y Ft(\))p Fv(-)0 3026 y(bit)i(sc)m(heme.)0 3173 y Fu(k)s Fn(-DB,)37 b Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)490 3137 y Fq(k)529 3114 y Fp(2)567 3173 y Fu(n)625 3137 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)864 3173 y Ft(\))g Fn (Information-Theoretic)e(PIR)h(Sc)m(heme)119 3409 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(has)i Fu(i)g Fv(and)g(w)m(an)m(ts)h Fu(x)1252 3424 y Fq(i)1280 3409 y Fv(.)119 3618 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(b)s(egins)i(to)f(sim)m(ulate)f(the)i(lopsided)f(proto)s(col)f(b)m(y)i (generating)f Fu(\033)2896 3633 y Fs(1)2936 3618 y Fu(;)17 b(\033)3035 3633 y Fs(2)3074 3618 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033)3348 3633 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3549 3618 y Fv(in)244 3738 y Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)g Ft(1)p Fr(g)486 3702 y Fq(n)529 3679 y Fp(1)p Fd(=)p Fp(2)p Fd(k)q Fe(\000)p Fp(1)773 3738 y Fv(and)33 b(forming)d(for)i Ft(1)c Fr(\024)g Fu(j)34 b Fr(\024)28 b Ft(2)p Fu(k)d Fr(\000)d Ft(1)p Fv(,)33 b Fu(\033)2225 3702 y Fo(0)2221 3763 y Fq(j)2285 3738 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(\033)2444 3753 y Fq(j)2503 3738 y Fr(\010)23 b Fu(i)2636 3753 y Fq(j)2673 3738 y Fv(.)119 3947 y(3.)49 b(Alice)31 b(sends)k Fu(\033)807 3962 y Fs(1)846 3947 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033)1120 3962 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1321 3947 y Fv(to)32 b Fu(D)s(B)1598 3962 y Fs(1)1670 3947 y Fv(\(who)h(will)d(sim)m(ulate)h Fu(D)s(B)2644 3962 y Fq(A)2701 3947 y Fv(\))h(and)h Fu(\033)3020 3911 y Fo(0)3016 3972 y Fs(1)3056 3947 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(\033)3333 3911 y Fo(0)3329 3973 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3530 3947 y Fv(to)32 b(all)f(of)244 4112 y Fu(D)s(B)402 4127 y Fs(2)441 4112 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(D)s(B)818 4127 y Fq(k)899 4112 y Fv(\(who)40 b(will)d(collectiv)m(ely)h(sim)m (ulate)f Fu(D)s(B)2401 4127 y Fq(B)2462 4112 y Fv(.)64 b Fu(\033)2608 4127 y Fs(1)2647 4112 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(\033) 2921 4127 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3129 4112 y Fr(2)39 b Fv(to)g Fu(D)s(B)3518 4127 y Fs(1)3557 4112 y Fv(.)64 b(\(Alice)244 4232 y(sends)34 b(a)e(total)f(of)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1100 4196 y Fs(2)1139 4232 y Fu(n)1197 4196 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1436 4232 y Ft(\))g Fv(bits.\))119 4441 y(4.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 4456 y Fs(1)474 4441 y Fv(runs)33 b(the)g(lopsided)f(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i (as)f Fu(D)s(B)2056 4456 y Fq(A)2145 4441 y Fv(and)g(hence)h(sends)g (Alice)e Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(n)3342 4405 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))3635 4441 y Ft(\))g Fv(bits.)119 4650 y(5.)49 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(of)f(these)i(databases)f Fu(D)s(B)1446 4665 y Fs(2)1486 4650 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(D)s(B) 1862 4665 y Fq(k)1936 4650 y Fv(runs)32 b(the)g(lopsided)f(PIR)h(sc)m (heme)h(pla)m(ying)d(the)i(role)244 4770 y(of)d Fu(D)s(B)510 4785 y Fq(B)571 4770 y Fv(,)h(and)g(computes)g Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)1411 4734 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)1488 4770 y Fu(n)1546 4734 y Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3\))p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))2024 4770 y Ft(\))g Fv(bits.)42 b(These)31 b(bits)f(are)g(not)f(sen)m(t)j(bac)m(k)e(to)g(Alice,)244 4890 y(but)j(are)f(left)g(at)g(the)h(database.)119 5099 y(6.)49 b(Alice)36 b(and)i Fu(D)s(B)848 5114 y Fs(2)888 5099 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(D)s(B)1264 5114 y Fq(k)1344 5099 y Fv(treat)38 b(the)g Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)1926 5063 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)2003 5099 y Fu(n)2061 5063 y Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3\))p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))2538 5099 y Ft(\))g Fv(bits)f(as)h(a)f(new)i(database.)59 b(Alice)244 5220 y(priv)-5 b(ately)35 b(retriev)m(es)i(the)g Ft(\002\(2)1383 5183 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)1461 5220 y Ft(\))f Fv(bits)g(from)f(the)i(new)g(database,)h(using)e(the)h Ft(\()p Fu(k)27 b Fr(\000)f Ft(1\))p Fv(-DB)36 b(PIR)244 5340 y(sc)m(heme)e(inductiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)43 b(This)32 b(tak)m(es)p eop end %%Page: 9 9 TeXDict begin 9 8 bop 430 322 a Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)595 280 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)694 322 y Fr(\002)22 b Ft(2)842 280 y Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))1025 257 y Fp(2)1064 322 y Ft(\()p Fu(n)1160 280 y Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3\))p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))1638 322 y Ft(\))1676 280 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(3)1914 322 y Ft(\))28 b(=)f Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)2248 280 y Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fs(+)p Fq(k)2416 257 y Fp(2)2449 280 y Fo(\000)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fs(+1)2672 322 y Fu(n)2730 280 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2969 322 y Ft(\))h(=)f Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)3303 280 y Fq(k)3342 257 y Fp(2)3379 322 y Fu(n)3437 280 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3676 322 y Ft(\))244 587 y Fv(bits.)146 820 y(This)h(PIR)f(sc)m (heme)i(ma)m(y)e(app)s(ear)g(to)g(tak)m(e)h(more)f(than)g(t)m(w)m(o)h (rounds.)42 b(But)28 b(note)f(that)g(the)h(bits)f(Alice)0 940 y(sends)35 b(in)e(eac)m(h)h(round)g(do)f(not)g(dep)s(end)i(on)e (previous)h(rounds;)h(hence)g(the)f(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)i(can)f(b)s(e)g (done)0 1060 y(in)e(one)h(round.)p 3829 1060 4 66 v 3833 998 59 4 v 3833 1060 V 3891 1060 4 66 v 0 1347 a Fn(Note)f(3.8.)39 b Fv(Note)28 b(that)h(the)g(dep)s(endence)h(on)f Fu(k)i Fv(is)d(large)g(since)h(the)g(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)i(tak)m(es)g Fu(O)s Ft(\(2)3489 1311 y Fq(k)3528 1287 y Fp(2)3565 1347 y Fu(n)3623 1311 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3862 1347 y Ft(\))0 1467 y Fv(bits.)62 b(Itoh)38 b([41])h(has)g(a)f(di\033eren)m(t)h(proto)s(col)e(that)i(has)g(constan) m(t)g Fu(k)s Ft(!)p Fv(.)63 b(Ishai)38 b(and)h(Kushilevitz)e(use)j(an)0 1588 y(en)m(tirely)g(di\033eren)m(t)g(tec)m(hnique)h(\(without)f (recursion\))g(and)g(reduce)i(it)d(to)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)2986 1552 y Fs(3)3024 1588 y Fu(n)3082 1552 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3321 1588 y Ft(\))g Fv(bits.)66 b(These)0 1708 y(impro)m(v)m(emen)m(ts)35 b(are)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)f(since)i(the)g(new)g(tec)m(hniques)i(they)e (used)h(ev)m(en)m(tually)f(lead)f(to)g(an)h(PIR)0 1829 y(sc)m(heme)f(using)e Fu(<<)27 b(n)826 1792 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1098 1829 y Fv(bits.)0 2121 y Fk(3.4)130 b(A)45 b Fj(k)t Fk(-DB)e Fj(n)859 2078 y Fg(O)r Fh(\(lg)16 b(lg)e Fg(k)s(=k)i Fh(lg)f Fg(k)s Fh(\))1425 2121 y Fk(-bit)44 b(PIR)g(Sc)l(heme)0 2307 y Fv(The)33 b(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(in)e(this)g(c)m(hapter)h(is)g(from)e (Beimel)g(et)h(al.)g([12)o(].)0 2454 y Fn(KEY)k(IDEA:)g(View)h(the)g (database)i(as)f(a)g(p)s(olynomial.)0 2661 y(De\034nition)e(3.9.)42 b Fv(Let)33 b Fu(x)28 b Fr(2)g(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1333 2625 y Fq(n)1379 2661 y Fv(.)43 b(Let)33 b Fu(d;)17 b(m)32 b Fv(b)s(e)h(suc)m(h)h(that)2400 2580 y Fl(\000)2446 2617 y Fq(m)2459 2695 y(d)2508 2580 y Fl(\001)2581 2661 y Fr(\025)29 b Fu(n)p Fv(.)43 b(Hence)34 b Fu(m)28 b Fr(\025)g Fu(dn)3432 2625 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)3543 2661 y Fv(.)119 2867 y(1.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(all)e Fu(i)e Fr(2)g Ft([)p Fu(n)p Ft(])p Fv(,)33 b(let)f Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))33 b Fv(b)s(e)f(the)h Fu(i)p Fv(th)g(elemen)m(t)g (of)f Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)2414 2831 y Fq(m)2512 2867 y Fv(that)32 b(has)h(exactly)g Fu(d)f Fv(ones.)119 3074 y(2.)49 b(Let)35 b Fu(P)484 3089 y Fq(x)528 3074 y Ft(\()p Fu(z)611 3089 y Fs(1)650 3074 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(z)914 3089 y Fq(m)981 3074 y Ft(\))34 b Fv(b)s(e)h(the)h(p)s(olynomial)31 b(in)j Fu(Z)2048 3089 y Fs(2)2122 3074 y Fv(of)g(degree)i Fu(d)e Fv(suc)m(h)i(that)f Ft(\()p Fr(8)p Fu(i)p Ft(\)[)p Fu(P)3316 3089 y Fq(x)3360 3074 y Ft(\()p Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\)\))32 b(=)f Fu(x)3817 3089 y Fq(i)3846 3074 y Ft(])p Fv(.)244 3194 y(F)-8 b(ormally)29 b Fu(P)717 3209 y Fq(x)761 3194 y Ft(\()p Fu(z)844 3209 y Fs(1)884 3194 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(z)1148 3209 y Fq(m)1214 3194 y Ft(\))28 b(=)1383 3120 y Fl(P)1488 3146 y Fq(n)1488 3224 y(i)p Fs(=1)1623 3194 y Fu(x)1678 3209 y Fq(i)1724 3120 y Fl(Q)1818 3224 y Fq(E)t Fs(\()p Fq(i)p Fs(\))1952 3234 y Fd(j)s Fp(=1)2082 3194 y Fu(z)2127 3209 y Fq(j)2164 3194 y Fv(.)119 3433 y(3.)49 b(Let)33 b Ft(\()p Fu(z)502 3448 y Fs(1)541 3433 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(z)805 3448 y Fq(m)872 3433 y Ft(\))27 b(=)h(\()1079 3358 y Fl(P)1184 3384 y Fq(k)1184 3462 y(j)t Fs(=1)1327 3433 y Fu(y)1375 3448 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)1466 3433 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)1685 3358 y Fl(P)1790 3384 y Fq(k)1790 3462 y(j)t Fs(=1)1933 3433 y Fu(y)1981 3448 y Fq(m;j)2099 3433 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)44 b(Let)782 3787 y Fu(Q)859 3802 y Fq(x)903 3787 y Ft(\()p Fr(f)p Fu(y)1039 3802 y Fq(j;h)1131 3787 y Fr(g)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)h Fu(j)34 b Fr(\024)28 b Fu(k)s(;)17 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)h Fu(h)g Fr(\024)g Fu(m)p Ft(\))g(=)g Fu(P)2371 3802 y Fq(x)2415 3787 y Ft(\()2505 3662 y Fq(k)2453 3692 y Fl(X)2464 3902 y Fq(j)t Fs(=1)2613 3787 y Fu(y)2661 3802 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)2752 3787 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)3023 3662 y Fq(k)2970 3692 y Fl(X)2981 3902 y Fq(j)t Fs(=1)3131 3787 y Fu(y)3179 3802 y Fq(m;j)3297 3787 y Ft(\))p Fu(:)244 4108 y Fv(F)-8 b(or)32 b(eac)m(h)h Fu(j)h Fr(2)28 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])33 b Fv(let)e Fu(V)1144 4123 y Fq(j)1208 4108 y Ft(=)d Fr(f)p Fu(y)1410 4123 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)1501 4108 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(y)1768 4123 y Fq(m;j)1885 4108 y Fr(g)p Fv(.)146 4314 y(The)34 b(PIR)f(problem)e(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)d(problem:)119 4547 y(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(has)i Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 4754 y(2.)49 b(The)33 b Fu(k)j Fv(databases)d(ha)m(v)m (e)h Fu(P)1264 4769 y Fq(x)1308 4754 y Fv(.)119 4960 y(3.)49 b(Alice)31 b(w)m(an)m(ts)j(to)e(kno)m(w)i Fu(P)1204 4975 y Fq(x)1248 4960 y Ft(\()p Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\)\))32 b Fv(without)g(the)h(databases)h(kno)m(wing)e(an)m(ything)h (ab)s(out)f Fu(i)p Fv(.)146 5193 y(W)-8 b(e)33 b(presen)m(t)h(the)f (\034rst)g(few)g(steps)h(of)e(a)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(for)f(this)h(and)f (then)h(restate)g(the)g(problem.)0 5340 y Fn(P)m(artial)i(PIR)i(Sc)m (heme)p eop end %%Page: 10 10 TeXDict begin 10 9 bop 119 100 a Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(has)i Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 298 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(generates)j Fu(Y)976 313 y Fs(1)1015 298 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(Y)1291 313 y Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1451 298 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1787 262 y Fq(m)1885 298 y Fv(and)32 b(then)h(forms)f Fu(Y)2622 313 y Fq(k)2697 298 y Fv(suc)m(h)i(that)3128 224 y Fl(P)3233 250 y Fq(k)3233 327 y(j)t Fs(=1)3377 298 y Fu(Y)3434 313 y Fq(j)3497 298 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 497 y(3.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)29 b(all)f Fu(j)34 b Fr(2)28 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])p Fv(,)i(Alice)f(sends)j Fr(f)p Fu(Y)1492 512 y Fs(1)1531 497 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(Y)1807 512 y Fq(k)1849 497 y Fr(g)f(\000)i Fu(Y)2067 512 y Fq(j)2133 497 y Fv(to)29 b Fu(D)s(B)2407 512 y Fq(j)2444 497 y Fv(.)42 b(Hence)32 b(Alice)d(sends)i Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(m)p Ft(\))f Fv(bits)f(to)244 617 y(eac)m(h)k(database,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1067 581 y Fs(2)1106 617 y Fu(m)p Ft(\))g Fv(bits)f(total.)146 826 y(Eac)m(h)38 b(database)f(has)g(all)e(but)h Fu(m)h Fv(v)-5 b(ariables)36 b(of)g Fu(Q)2027 841 y Fq(x)2071 826 y Fv(.)56 b(Can)37 b(they)h(send)f(Alice)f(information)d(so)k(that) 0 947 y(she)d(can)e(ev)-5 b(aluate)32 b Fu(Q)806 962 y Fq(x)850 947 y Ft(\()p Fr(f)p Fu(y)986 962 y Fq(j;h)1079 947 y Fr(g)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)h Fu(j)33 b Fr(\024)c Fu(k)s(;)17 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)h Fu(h)g Fr(\024)g Fu(m)p Ft(\))p Fv(?)146 1067 y(W)-8 b(e)34 b(use)f(this)g(reform)m (ulation)d(to)i(obtain)g(a)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1956 1031 y Fs(3)1994 1067 y Fu(n)2052 1031 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2291 1067 y Ft(\))g Fv(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)46 b(Alas,)32 b(it)g(is)g(not)h(the)g(case)0 1187 y(that)g(all)e(of)i(the) h(k)m(ey)h(ideas)e(are)g(con)m(tained)h(here.)46 b(W)-8 b(e)34 b(will)d(discuss)j(ho)m(w)g(to)f(mo)s(dify)f(it)g(to)h(obtain)g (the)0 1308 y(desired)g(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)0 1497 y Fn(Theorem)k(3.10.)42 b Fm([9)o(,)35 b(40,)g(10)o(,)g(12])f(F)-7 b(or)34 b(al)5 b(l)35 b Fu(k)s Fm(,)f(ther)-5 b(e)35 b(is)g(a)f Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)2692 1461 y Fs(3)2731 1497 y Fu(n)2789 1461 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3028 1497 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(scheme.)0 1686 y(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(Let)33 b Fu(d)27 b Ft(=)h(2)p Fu(k)c Fr(\000)e Ft(1)p Fv(.)43 b(Let)33 b Fu(m)28 b Ft(=)f(\002\()p Fu(k)s(n)1621 1650 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)1732 1686 y Ft(\))33 b Fv(b)s(e)f(suc)m(h)i(that)2366 1605 y Fl(\000)2411 1642 y Fq(m)2425 1720 y(d)2474 1605 y Fl(\001)2547 1686 y Fr(\025)28 b Fu(n)p Fv(.)44 b(Let)32 b Fu(Q)3032 1701 y Fq(x)3077 1686 y Fu(;)17 b(V)3178 1701 y Fs(1)3217 1686 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(V)3492 1701 y Fq(k)3567 1686 y Fv(b)s(e)32 b(as)h(in)0 1806 y(De\034nition)c(3.9.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)30 b(assign)g(to)f(eac)m(h)h(monomial)c Fu(M)41 b Fv(of)29 b Fu(Q)2195 1821 y Fq(x)2269 1806 y Fv(the)h(database)g (that)f(can)h(b)s(est)h(ev)-5 b(aluate)29 b(it.)0 1927 y(This)k(is)f(done)h(b)s(efore)f(the)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(b)s(egins.)119 2116 y(1.)49 b(If)39 b(there)g(exists)h Fu(j)919 2131 y Fs(0)997 2116 y Fr(2)f Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])g Fv(suc)m(h)h(that)f(no)g (v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(of)h Fu(M)50 b Fv(is)38 b(in)h Fu(V)2750 2131 y Fq(j)2779 2140 y Fp(0)2856 2116 y Fv(then)g(assign)g Fu(M)49 b Fv(to)39 b Fu(D)s(B)3806 2131 y Fq(j)3835 2140 y Fp(0)3873 2116 y Fv(.)244 2236 y(Note)33 b(that)f Fu(D)s(B)849 2251 y Fq(j)878 2260 y Fp(0)948 2236 y Fv(will)f(b)s(e)h(able)g(to)g (ev)-5 b(aluate)32 b Fu(M)10 b Fv(.)119 2435 y(2.)49 b(Assume)38 b(for)e(all)f Fu(j)41 b Fr(2)36 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])h Fv(some)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(of)i Fu(V)2023 2450 y Fq(j)2096 2435 y Fv(is)g(in)f Fu(M)10 b Fv(.)57 b(If)37 b(there)h(exists)g Fu(j)3175 2450 y Fs(0)3250 2435 y Fr(2)e Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])h Fv(suc)m(h)h(that)244 2555 y(only)32 b(one)h(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(of)i Fu(V)1170 2570 y Fq(j)1199 2579 y Fp(0)1270 2555 y Fv(is)g(in)g Fu(M)10 b Fv(,)33 b(then)h(assign)e Fu(M)43 b Fv(to)32 b Fu(D)s(B)2571 2570 y Fq(j)2600 2579 y Fp(0)2638 2555 y Fv(.)119 2754 y(3.)49 b(Assume)39 b(for)f(all)f Fu(j)44 b Fr(2)38 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])h Fv(t)m(w)m(o)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(of)h Fu(V)2017 2769 y Fq(j)2092 2754 y Fv(are)h(in)e Fu(M)10 b Fv(.)63 b(Then)39 b Fu(M)50 b Fv(has)39 b Ft(2)p Fu(k)h(>)e(d)g Fv(v)-5 b(ariables.)244 2874 y(Since)33 b Fu(Q)576 2889 y Fq(x)652 2874 y Fv(is)f(of)g(degree)i Fu(d)e Fv(this)g(cannot)h(o)s(ccur.)146 3063 y(Let)40 b Fu(p)377 3078 y Fq(j)453 3063 y Fv(b)s(e)f(the)h(sum)f(of)g(all)e (the)j(monomials)c(assigned)j(to)g Fu(D)s(B)2586 3078 y Fq(j)2623 3063 y Fv(.)63 b(Note)40 b(that)f(once)h(the)g Fu(y)3626 3078 y Fq(j)3659 3059 y Fe(0)3680 3078 y Fq(;h)3784 3063 y Fv(for)0 3183 y Fu(j)46 3147 y Fo(0)97 3183 y Fr(6)p Ft(=)27 b Fu(j)39 b Fv(are)32 b(kno)m(wn,)i Fu(p)826 3198 y Fq(j)895 3183 y Fv(is)e(linear)f(in)h Fr(f)p Fu(y)1476 3198 y Fq(j;)p Fs(1)1563 3183 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(y)1830 3198 y Fq(j;m)1944 3183 y Fr(g)p Fv(.)43 b(Hence)34 b Fu(p)2403 3198 y Fq(j)2472 3183 y Fv(can)f(b)s(e)f(represen)m(ted)j(b)m (y)f(an)e(elemen)m(t)0 3304 y(of)g Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)353 3268 y Fq(m)419 3304 y Fv(,)32 b(and)h(is)f Fu(m)h Fv(bits)f(long.)0 3447 y Fu(k)s Fn(-DB)37 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)464 3411 y Fs(3)503 3447 y Fu(n)561 3411 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)800 3447 y Ft(\))g Fn(PIR)f(Sc)m(heme)119 3656 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(has)i Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 3854 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(generates)j Fu(Y)976 3869 y Fs(1)1015 3854 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(Y)1291 3869 y Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1451 3854 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1787 3818 y Fq(m)1885 3854 y Fv(and)32 b(then)h(forms)f Fu(Y)2622 3869 y Fq(k)2697 3854 y Fv(suc)m(h)i(that) 3128 3780 y Fl(P)3233 3806 y Fq(k)3233 3883 y(j)t Fs(=1)3377 3854 y Fu(Y)3434 3869 y Fq(j)3497 3854 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 4062 y(3.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(all)e Fu(j)k Fr(2)28 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])33 b Fv(Alice)e(sends)j Fr(f)p Fu(Y)1477 4077 y Fs(1)1516 4062 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(Y)1792 4077 y Fq(k)1834 4062 y Fr(g)22 b(\000)g Fu(Y)2062 4077 y Fq(j)2131 4062 y Fv(to)32 b Fu(D)s(B)2408 4077 y Fq(j)2445 4062 y Fv(.)43 b(Hence)34 b(Alice)d(sends)j Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)3482 4026 y Fs(2)3521 4062 y Fu(m)p Ft(\))f Fv(bits.)119 4260 y(4.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(eac)m(h)i Fu(j)g Fr(2)29 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])34 b Fu(D)s(B)1108 4275 y Fq(j)1177 4260 y Fv(\034nds)g Fu(p)1460 4275 y Fq(j)1529 4260 y Fv(and)f(sends)i(it)d (bac)m(k)i(to)f(Alice.)44 b(Eac)m(h)34 b(database)f(is)f(sending)i Fu(m)244 4381 y Fv(bits,)e(so)h(this)f(is)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(m)p Ft(\))g Fv(bits)g(total.)119 4579 y(5.)49 b(Alice)31 b(can)i(ev)-5 b(aluate)32 b(all)f(of)h(the)h Fu(p)1515 4594 y Fq(j)1584 4579 y Fv(that)f(are)g(sen)m(t)i(and)f(X)m (OR)f(them.)44 b(This)32 b(is)g(the)h(answ)m(er.)146 4789 y(This)g(tak)m(es)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)789 4752 y Fs(2)828 4789 y Fu(m)p Ft(\))27 b(=)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1252 4752 y Fs(3)1291 4789 y Fu(n)1349 4752 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)1460 4789 y Ft(\))g(=)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1799 4752 y Fs(3)1838 4789 y Fu(n)1896 4752 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2135 4789 y Ft(\))32 b Fv(bits.)p 3829 4789 4 66 v 3833 4726 59 4 v 3833 4789 V 3891 4789 4 66 v 146 4979 a(T)-8 b(o)36 b(extend)h(this)e(pro)s(of)g(to)h (general)f Fu(k)j Fv(w)m(e)f(will)c(need)k(to)e(tak)m(e)i Fu(d)c Fr(\025)g Ft(2)p Fu(k)s Fv(.)53 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)39 b(if)34 b Fu(d)f Fr(\025)g Ft(2)p Fu(k)39 b Fv(and)0 5099 y(w)m(e)h(assign)g(monomials)c(to)j(the)g(database)h(b)s(est)g (able)f(to)g(compute)g(it,)h(the)g(p)s(olynomial)c(that)j(a)g Fu(D)s(B)0 5220 y Fv(has)k(b)s(een)f(assigned)h(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)g (quadratic)g(in)f Fu(m)i Fv(v)-5 b(ariables)41 b(and)h(hence)i (requires)f Fu(m)3234 5183 y Fs(2)3317 5220 y Ft(=)h Fu(n)3495 5183 y Fs(2)p Fq(d)3613 5220 y Fv(bits)e(to)0 5340 y(comm)m(unicate.)g(W)-8 b(e)33 b(sk)m(etc)m(h)i(the)e(ideas)f (that)h(are)f(needed.)p eop end %%Page: 11 11 TeXDict begin 11 10 bop 119 100 a Fv(1.)49 b(Let)29 b Fu(k)469 63 y Fo(0)492 100 y Fu(;)17 b(\025)29 b Fv(b)s(e)g(parameters) g(to)f(b)s(e)h(c)m(hosen)i(carefully)-8 b(.)41 b(The)30 b(p)s(olynomial)25 b Fu(P)2989 115 y Fq(x)3033 100 y Ft(\()n Fu(~)-47 b(z)t Ft(\))29 b Fv(is)g(brok)m(en)h(up)f(in)m(to)244 220 y(sev)m(eral)37 b(pieces,)i(some)e(of)f(whic)m(h)h(use)f Fu(~)-47 b(z)41 b Fv(and)c(some)g(of)f(whic)m(h)h(use)h(the)f Fu(y)t Fv('s.)56 b(In)37 b(particular,)g(for)244 340 y(eac)m(h)j Fu(V)60 b Fr(\022)39 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])g Fv(suc)m(h)i(that)e Fr(j)p Fu(V)21 b Fr(j)38 b(\025)h Fu(k)1637 304 y Fo(0)1700 340 y Fv(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(p)s (olynomial)c Fu(P)2742 355 y Fq(V)2803 340 y Ft(\()p Fu(z)2886 355 y Fs(1)2926 340 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(z)3189 355 y Fq(m)3256 340 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)41 b(and)e(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e)244 461 y(linear)31 b(p)s(olynomials)e Fu(p)1106 476 y Fq(j)1143 461 y Ft(\()p Fu(y)1229 476 y Fo(\003)p Fq(;j)1320 461 y Ft(\))j Fv(suc)m(h)i(that)285 686 y(\(a\))48 b Fu(P)521 701 y Fq(x)565 686 y Ft(\()p Fu(z)648 701 y Fs(1)688 686 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(z)952 701 y Fq(m)1018 686 y Ft(\))28 b(=)f Fu(P)1250 701 y Fq(x)1294 686 y Ft(\()1332 611 y Fl(P)1437 637 y Fq(k)1437 715 y(j)t Fs(=1)1581 686 y Fu(y)1629 701 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)1720 686 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)1938 611 y Fl(P)2043 637 y Fq(k)2043 715 y(j)t Fs(=1)2187 686 y Fu(y)2235 701 y Fq(m;j)2353 686 y Ft(\))27 b(=)458 773 y Fl(P)564 877 y Fq(V)15 b Fo(\022)p Fs([)p Fq(k)r Fs(])p Fq(;)p Fo(j)p Fq(V)f Fo(j\025)p Fq(k)963 858 y Fe(0)1005 848 y Fu(P)1068 863 y Fq(V)1129 848 y Ft(\()p Fu(z)1212 863 y Fs(1)1252 848 y Fu(;)j(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(z)1515 863 y Fq(m)1582 848 y Ft(\))22 b(+)1740 773 y Fl(P)1845 799 y Fq(k)1845 877 y(j)t Fs(=1)1989 848 y Fu(p)2038 863 y Fq(j)2074 848 y Ft(\()p Fu(y)2160 863 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)2251 848 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(y)2518 863 y Fq(m;j)2636 848 y Ft(\))p Fu(:)280 1003 y Fv(\(b\))48 b Fu(P)521 1018 y Fq(V)615 1003 y Fv(and)32 b Fu(p)853 1018 y Fq(j)922 1003 y Fv(b)s(oth)h(tak)m (e)g Fu(m)g Fv(v)-5 b(ariables.)291 1158 y(\(c\))48 b(The)34 b(degree)f(of)f Fu(P)1136 1173 y Fq(V)1230 1158 y Fv(is)g Fr(\024)c Fu(\025)p Fr(j)p Fu(V)21 b Fr(j)p Fv(.)280 1313 y(\(d\))48 b(The)34 b(degree)f(of)f Fu(p)1122 1328 y Fq(j)1191 1313 y Fv(is)h(one)f(\(so)h Fu(p)1675 1328 y Fq(j)1744 1313 y Fv(is)f(linear\).)291 1478 y(\(e\))48 b(Note)33 b(that)f Fu(P)968 1493 y Fq(x)1012 1478 y Ft(\()p Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\)\))28 b(=)1406 1404 y Fl(P)1512 1507 y Fq(V)15 b Fo(\022)p Fs([)p Fq(k)r Fs(])p Fq(;)p Fo(j)p Fq(V)f Fo(j\025)p Fq(k)1911 1488 y Fe(0)1953 1478 y Fu(P)2016 1493 y Fq(V)2077 1478 y Ft(\()p Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\)\))22 b(+)2460 1404 y Fl(P)2565 1430 y Fq(k)2565 1507 y(j)t Fs(=1)2709 1478 y Fu(p)2758 1493 y Fq(j)2794 1478 y Ft(\()p Fu(y)2880 1493 y Fs(1)p Fq(;j)2971 1478 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(y)3238 1493 y Fq(m;j)3356 1478 y Ft(\))p Fu(:)119 1701 y Fv(2.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)h Fu(V)67 b Fr(\022)45 b Ft([)p Fu(k)s Ft(])p Fv(,)g Fr(j)p Fu(V)21 b Fr(j)45 b Ft(=)g Fu(k)1438 1665 y Fo(0)1461 1701 y Fv(,)g(the)e(databases)h(in)e Fu(V)64 b Fv(will)40 b(b)s(e)j(able)f(to)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)42 b Fu(P)3549 1716 y Fq(V)3610 1701 y Ft(\()p Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\)\))p Fv(.)244 1821 y(Alice)36 b(cannot)i(giv)m(e)g (them)f Fu(E)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))p Fv(;)40 b(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i (it)36 b(will)g(turn)h(out)h(that)f(there)i(are)e(not)h(that)f(man)m(y) 244 1942 y(co)s(e\036cien)m(ts)c(of)e Fu(P)910 1957 y Fq(V)1003 1942 y Fv(that)h(Alice)e(needs)k(and)e(she)h(will)c(b)s(e)j (able)f(to)h(get)g(these)h(b)m(y)g(a)e(recursiv)m(e)j(call)244 2062 y(to)e(the)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)0 2391 y Fw(4)155 b(Conjectures)53 b(that)f(Imply)f(sublinear)k(PIR)0 2610 y Fv(In)24 b(Section)f(3,)j(w)m(e)e(examined)f(PIR)h(sc)m(hemes)i (where)f(the)f(databases)g(had)g(unlimited)d(computing)h(p)s(o)m(w)m (er;)0 2731 y(hence)37 b(w)m(e)f(needed)i(to)d(replicate)f(the)i (database)g(to)f(ac)m(hiev)m(e)i(sublinear)e(comm)m(unication)e (complexit)m(y)-8 b(.)0 2851 y(In)31 b(this)f(section)h(w)m(e)h(will)c (lo)s(ok)h(at)i(sublinear)f(PIR's)h(where)h(the)f(database)g(has)g (computational)d(limits.)0 3136 y Fk(4.1)130 b(Num)l(b)t(er)44 b(Theoretic)h(Conjectures)0 3321 y Fv(The)h(Quadratic)e(Residue)i (Problem)e(\(see)i(De\034nition)f(4.1\))f(is)h(though)m(t)g(to)g(b)s(e) h(hard.)81 b(Kushilevitz)0 3442 y(and)33 b(Ostro)m(vsky)i([47])e(sho)m (w)h(that,)f(assuming)f(QR)g(is)h(hard,)g(there)h(is)e(a)h(1-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3138 3405 y Fq(\017)3170 3442 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)e(PIR)j(sc)m(heme)0 3562 y(where)29 b Fu(\017)g Fv(can)f(b)s(e)h(tak)m(en)g(to)e(b)s(e)i(arbitrarily)c(small.)40 b(W)-8 b(e)28 b(presen)m(t)i(that)e(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)43 b(Cac)m(hin)29 b(et)f(al.)f([17])0 3682 y(assume)41 b(that)f(the)h Ft(\010)p Fm(-Hiding)g(Pr)-5 b(oblem)40 b Fv(is)g(hard)g(and,)j(from)c (that,)j(obtain)d(a)h(p)s(olylog)e(PIR)j(sc)m(heme.)0 3803 y(\(The)33 b Ft(\010)p Fv(-hiding)e(problem)h(is)g(de\034ned)i (in|)d([17].\))44 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(do)h(not)f(formalize)e(or)i(pro)m(v)m (e)i(that)f(theorem.)0 3985 y Fn(De\034nition)49 b(4.1.)e Fv(Let)d Fu(z)t(;)17 b(m)47 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fv(.)77 b(Assume)45 b Fu(z)j Fv(is)43 b(relativ)m(ely)g(prime)f(to)h Fu(m)p Fv(.)77 b(The)45 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f Fu(z)k Fv(is)43 b(a)0 4106 y Fm(Quadr)-5 b(atic)48 b(R)-5 b(esidue)47 b(mo)-5 b(d)47 b Fu(m)h Fv(if)d(there)j(exists)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g Fu(a)g Fv(suc)m(h)h(that)f Fu(a)2922 4070 y Fs(2)3014 4106 y Fr(\021)52 b Fu(z)d Ft(\(mo)s(d)33 b Fu(m)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)87 b(The)0 4226 y Fm(Quadr)-5 b(atic)34 b(R)-5 b(esidue)35 b(Pr)-5 b(oblem)32 b Fv(is,)g(giv)m(en)g Ft(\()p Fu(z)t(;)17 b(m)p Ft(\))p Fv(,)34 b(determine)e(if)f Fu(z)37 b Fv(is)32 b(a)h(quadratic)f(residue)h(mo)s(d)e Fu(m)p Fv(.)146 4409 y(W)-8 b(e)38 b(state)g(the)h(next)f(theorem)g(informally)c(and)j (only)h(presen)m(t)h(the)f(PIR)g(sc)m(heme,)i(not)e(the)g(pro)s(of)0 4529 y(that)32 b(it)g(is)g(correct)h(or)f(priv)-5 b(ate.)0 4734 y Fn(De\034nition)41 b(4.2.)j Fu(Z)820 4698 y Fo(\003)813 4758 y Fq(n)896 4734 y Fv(is)36 b(the)h(group)g(of)f(in)m(tegers)h (with)f(underlying)g(set)i Fr(f)p Fu(x)c Fr(j)h Fv(gcd\(x,n\)=1)p Fr(g)i Fv(and)g(the)0 4854 y(op)s(eration)31 b(of)h(m)m(ultiplication)c (mo)s(d)j Fu(n)p Fv(.)0 5099 y Fn(Theorem)f(4.3.)38 b Fm([47)o(])30 b(Assume)f(that)h(the)g(quadr)-5 b(atic)29 b(r)-5 b(esidue)30 b(pr)-5 b(oblem)28 b(is)i(`har)-5 b(d')29 b(for)g Fu(m)h Fm(the)g(pr)-5 b(o)g(duct)29 b(of)0 5220 y(two)36 b(primes)f(and)h Fr(j)p Fu(m)p Fr(j)30 b(\025)h Fu(n)1032 5183 y Fq(\016)1106 5220 y Fm(\()p Fr(j)p Fu(m)p Fr(j)36 b Fm(is)g(the)g(length)g(of)g Fu(m)p Fm(,)g(not)g(its)h(absolute)f(value\).)48 b(Then)35 b(ther)-5 b(e)36 b(exists)0 5340 y(a)f(1-DB,)e Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)550 5304 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2+)p Fq(\016)748 5340 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)i(PIR)f(scheme.)p eop end %%Page: 12 12 TeXDict begin 12 11 bop 0 100 a Fn(KEY)39 b(IDEA:)g(View)h(the)g (database)i(as)f(a)1830 28 y Fr(p)p 1913 28 59 4 v 72 x Fu(n)24 b Fr(\002)2096 28 y(p)p 2179 28 V 72 x Fu(n)41 b Fn(arra)m(y)-9 b(.)59 b(A)40 b(new)g(database)j(is)c(formed)0 220 y(whic)m(h)e(relates)f(to)h(QR.)0 342 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of)35 b(sketch:)142 b Fv(The)33 b(database)g(is)f(view)m(ed)i(as) f(a)1917 270 y Fr(p)p 2000 270 V 72 x Fu(n)22 b Fr(\002)2180 270 y(p)p 2263 270 V 72 x Fu(n)33 b Fv(arra)m(y)f(of)g(bits.)0 491 y Fn(1-DB)37 b(PIR)f(Sc)m(heme)119 731 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(w)m(an)m(ts)j(bit)e Fu(x)974 746 y Fq(i;j)1055 731 y Fv(.)119 944 y(2.)49 b(Alice)28 b(generates)j(t)m(w)m(o)f(primes) e Fu(p)1454 959 y Fs(1)1494 944 y Fu(;)17 b(p)1587 959 y Fs(2)1655 944 y Fv(of)29 b(the)h(same)f(length)g(suc)m(h)h(that)g Fu(m)e Ft(=)f Fu(p)3154 959 y Fs(1)3194 944 y Fu(p)3243 959 y Fs(2)3311 944 y Fv(has)j(length)f Fu(n)3835 907 y Fq(\016)3873 944 y Fv(.)119 1156 y(3.)49 b(Alice)27 b(generates)911 1084 y Fr(p)p 994 1084 V 72 x Fu(n)i Fv(elemen)m(ts)g(of)f Fu(Z)1657 1120 y Fo(\003)1650 1180 y Fq(m)1745 1156 y Fv(whic)m(h)h(w)m(e)h(call)d Fu(r)2379 1171 y Fs(1)2418 1156 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(r)2681 1127 y Fo(p)p 2739 1127 43 3 v 2739 1175 a Fq(n)2786 1156 y Fv(.)42 b(Alice)28 b(mak)m(es)h(sure)h(that)e(all)244 1276 y(of)33 b(them)f(are)i(quadratic)e(residues)i(except)h Fu(r)1926 1291 y Fq(i)1954 1276 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Ft(=)27 b Fu(z)768 2362 y Fq(b)835 2347 y Fv(if)32 b Fu(x)980 2362 y Fq(ab)1080 2347 y Ft(=)27 b(0)p Fv(.)119 2588 y(6.)49 b(The)37 b(database)g(computes)f(the)h(pro) s(ducts)g(of)f(the)g(ro)m(ws.)56 b(In)36 b(particular,)g(for)f Ft(1)f Fr(\024)g Fu(a)h Fr(\024)3587 2516 y(p)p 3670 2516 V 72 x Fu(n)i Fv(the)244 2724 y(database)c(computes)g Fu(r)1129 2739 y Fq(a)1198 2724 y Ft(=)1302 2649 y Fl(Q)1396 2626 y Fo(p)p 1454 2626 43 3 v 1454 2674 a Fq(n)1396 2751 y(b)p Fs(=1)1537 2724 y Fu(c)1579 2739 y Fq(a;b)1670 2724 y Fv(.)119 2936 y(7.)49 b(The)33 b(database)g(sends)h(o)m(v)m(er)g Fu(r)1365 2951 y Fs(1)1404 2936 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(r)1667 2907 y Fo(p)p 1726 2907 V 48 x Fq(n)1773 2936 y Fv(.)43 b(This)33 b(tak)m(es)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2490 2900 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2+)p Fq(\016)2688 2936 y Ft(\))e Fv(bits.)119 3148 y(8.)49 b(Alice)31 b(sees)k(if)c Fu(r)820 3163 y Fq(j)889 3148 y Fv(is)h(a)g(QR.)g(If)h(it)e(is)i(then)g Fu(x)1846 3163 y Fq(i;j)1954 3148 y Ft(=)27 b(1)p Fv(,)33 b(otherwise)g Fu(x)2655 3163 y Fq(i;j)2763 3148 y Ft(=)28 b(0)p Fv(.)146 3388 y(W)-8 b(e)46 b(lea)m(v)m(e)f(the)h(pro)s(of)e (that)h(this)f(is)h(correct)g(to)g(the)g(reader.)82 b(The)46 b(pro)s(of)e(that)h(this)f(is)h(priv)-5 b(ate)0 3509 y(dep)s(ends)34 b(on)f(a)f(careful)g(de\034nition)f(of)h(what)h(it)f (means)g(for)g(the)h(QR)f(problem)g(to)g(b)s(e)h(hard.)43 b Fc(\003)146 3631 y Fv(In)38 b(the)g(last)f(step)i(of)e(the)h(PIR)g (sc)m(heme)h(Alice)d(receiv)m(es)k Fu(n)2360 3595 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2+)p Fq(\016)2596 3631 y Fv(bits)d(but)h(only)f(uses)i Fu(n)3464 3595 y Fq(\016)3540 3631 y Fv(of)e(them.)0 3751 y(Hence)i(w)m(e)f(can)g(do)g(the)g(last)e(step)j(recursiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)59 b(In)38 b(the)g(PIR)g(sc)m(hemes)h(curren)m(t)g(form)d(this)h (do)s(es)h(not)0 3872 y(help;)k(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)i(if)38 b(w)m(e)i(start)f(with)g(di\033eren)m(t)g(dimensions)f(and)i(use)g(the) f Fu(n)2874 3836 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2+)p Fq(\016)3112 3872 y Fv(proto)s(col)f(as)h(a)g(base)0 3992 y(case)29 b(w)m(e)h(can)f(obtain)e(a)h(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)g(whic)m(h)g(tak)m(es)h Fu(n)2003 3956 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(4+)p Fq(f)7 b Fs(\()p Fq(\016)r Fs(\))2326 3992 y Fv(bits.)42 b(By)29 b(rep)s(eating)f(this)g (w)m(e)h(can)g(obtain)0 4112 y(a)j(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(with)e Fu(n)901 4076 y Fq(\017)p Fs(+)p Fq(f)1019 4084 y Fd(\017)1049 4076 y Fs(\()p Fq(\016)r Fs(\))1174 4112 y Fv(bits.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)33 b(lea)m(v)m(e)g(this)f(to)h(the)g(reader.)0 4325 y Fn(Note)53 b(4.4.)c Fv(The)f(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)f (uses)h(that)f Fu(Z)2109 4288 y Fo(\003)2102 4349 y Fq(m)2215 4325 y Fv(is)f(a)g(group.)86 b(Y)-8 b(amam)m(ur)45 b(and)i(Saito)f(ha)m (v)m(e)0 4445 y(generalized)34 b(this)g(sc)m(heme)i(to)e(an)m(y)h (group)g(in)e([59].)49 b(Mann)35 b([50])g(has)f(a)h(similar)c(sc)m (heme)36 b(that)e(is)g(based)0 4565 y(on)e(general)g(assumptions.)0 4865 y Fk(4.2)130 b(One-w)l(a)l(y)44 b(F)-11 b(unctions)45 b(Imply)f Fj(O)s Fi(\()p Fj(n)2028 4822 y Fg(\017)2066 4865 y Fi(\))g Fk(2-DB)f(PIRs)0 5053 y Fv(Chor)c(and)g(Gilb)s(oa)c ([19])j(sho)m(w)i(that)f(if)e(one-w)m(a)m(y)j(functions)e(exist)h(then) g(there)g(is)g(a)f(2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3678 5017 y Fq(\017)3710 5053 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)0 5174 y(PIR)32 b(sc)m(heme.)45 b(Ha)m(ving)32 b(a)f(one-w)m(a)m(y)i(function)f(is)g (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)h(ha)m(ving)g(a)g(pseudorandom)g (generator.)0 5294 y(W)-8 b(e)33 b(phrase)g(the)g(theorem)g(in)e(those) j(terms)e(and)h(pro)m(v)m(e)g(a)g(scaled)f(do)m(wn)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)f (it.)p eop end %%Page: 13 13 TeXDict begin 13 12 bop 0 103 a Fn(Theorem)27 b(4.5.)36 b Fm([19)o(])27 b(L)-5 b(et)28 b Ft(1)f Fr(\024)h Fu(m)g Fr(\024)h Fu(n)p Fm(.)42 b(Assume)27 b(ther)-5 b(e)27 b(is)g(a)g(function)g Fu(G)g Ft(:)h Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3094 67 y Fs(lg)12 b Fq(n)3235 103 y Fr(!)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3605 67 y Fs(\()p Fq(n=m)p Fs(\))3799 37 y Fp(1)p Fd(=)p Fp(3)0 223 y Fm(such)37 b(that)g(A)n(lic)-5 b(e)37 b(and)f(the)h(datab)-5 b(ases)36 b(c)-5 b(an)36 b(c)-5 b(ompute)37 b Fu(G)g Fm(but)h(the)f(datab)-5 b(ases)36 b(c)-5 b(annot)36 b(de)-5 b(duc)g(e)36 b(anything)0 344 y(ab)-5 b(out)36 b Fu(z)41 b Fm(fr)-5 b(om)36 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(z)t Ft(\))p Fm(.)49 b(Then)35 b(ther)-5 b(e)36 b(is)g(a)g(2-DB)f Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))2197 307 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2329 344 y Ft(+)23 b Fu(m)17 b Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)36 b(PIR)g(scheme.)48 b(By)36 b(taking)0 464 y Fu(m)28 b Ft(=)g Fu(n)275 428 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(4)420 464 y Fm(we)34 b(obtain)g(an)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1174 428 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(4)1300 464 y Ft(lg)18 b Fu(n)p Ft(\))35 b Fm(PIR)f(scheme.)0 675 y Fn(KEY)46 b(IDEA:)f(Alice)g(do)s(es)i(the)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1592 639 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1701 675 y Ft(\))p Fn(-bit)f(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(from)h(theorem)f(3.3)g(on)h(eac)m (h)0 795 y(ro)m(w,)37 b(but)h(she)f(sends)i(short)e(seed)h(instead)f (of)h(long)f(message.)0 1005 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(W)-8 b(e)33 b(view)g(the)g(database)g(as)g(an)f Fu(m)23 b Fr(\002)f Fu(n=m)33 b Fv(bit)f(matrix.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)33 b(will)d(determine)i Fu(m)h Fv(later.)0 1153 y Fn(2-DB)k Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))680 1117 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)812 1153 y Ft(+)22 b Fu(m)17 b Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fn(-bit)36 b(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)119 1392 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(w)m(an)m(ts)j(bit)e Fu(x)974 1407 y Fq(i;j)1055 1392 y Fv(.)119 1602 y(2.)49 b(Alice)31 b(generates)j Fu(\033)e Fr(2)c(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1342 1566 y Fq(m)1440 1602 y Fv(and)32 b(lets)h Fu(\033)1868 1566 y Fo(0)1919 1602 y Ft(=)27 b Fu(\033)f Fr(\010)d Fu(i)p Fv(.)119 1813 y(3.)49 b(Alice)27 b(acts)i(as)g(though) g(she)g(is)f(going)f(to)h(run)h(the)g(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(in)d(Theorem)i (3.3)f(on)h(the)g Fu(i)p Fv(th)g(ro)m(w)244 1934 y(to)39 b(get)g(the)g Fu(j)45 b Fv(bit.)63 b(Alice)38 b(prepares)i(the)g (queries)f Fu(q)2210 1949 y Fs(1)2250 1934 y Fu(;)17 b(q)2337 1949 y Fs(2)2416 1934 y Fv(of)38 b(length)h Ft(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))3106 1897 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3255 1934 y Fv(that)g(she)h(w)m(ould)244 2054 y(send)34 b(to)e Fu(D)s(B)744 2069 y Fs(1)816 2054 y Fv(and)g Fu(D)s(B)1163 2069 y Fs(2)1235 2054 y Fv(but)h(do)s(es)g(not)f(send)i(them.)119 2265 y(4.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(eac)m(h)h(column)e(index)i Fu(b)p Fv(,)g Ft(1)28 b Fr(\024)g Fu(b)g Fr(\024)g Fu(n=m)p Fv(,)33 b(Alice)f(generates)h Fu(s)2672 2280 y Fq(b)2734 2265 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3070 2228 y Fs(lg)12 b Fq(n)3184 2265 y Fv(.)119 2485 y(5.)49 b(Alice)36 b(\034nds)h Fu(M)826 2500 y Fs(1)866 2485 y Fu(;)17 b(M)1004 2500 y Fs(2)1078 2485 y Fr(2)36 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1422 2449 y Fs(\()p Fq(n=m)p Fs(\))1616 2426 y Fp(1)p Fd(=)p Fp(3)1753 2485 y Fv(suc)m(h)39 b(that)d Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)2354 2500 y Fq(j)2390 2485 y Ft(\))25 b Fr(\010)h Fu(M)2650 2500 y Fs(1)2724 2485 y Ft(=)35 b Fu(q)2878 2500 y Fs(1)2954 2485 y Fv(and)i Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)3309 2500 y Fq(j)3346 2485 y Ft(\))25 b Fr(\010)g Fu(M)3605 2500 y Fs(2)3680 2485 y Ft(=)34 b Fu(q)3833 2500 y Fs(2)3873 2485 y Fv(.)244 2606 y(\(This)e(is)h(not)f (a)g(t)m(yp)s(o-)h(it)e(really)g(is)h Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)1739 2621 y Fq(j)1776 2606 y Ft(\))g Fv(b)s(oth)g(times.\))119 2816 y(6.)49 b(Alice)27 b(sends)i(to)f Fu(D)s(B)1015 2831 y Fs(1)1082 2816 y Fv(the)h(follo)m(wing:)38 b Fu(\033)n(;)17 b(M)1884 2831 y Fs(1)1924 2816 y Fu(;)g(M)2062 2831 y Fs(2)2102 2816 y Fu(;)g(s)2192 2831 y Fs(1)2231 2816 y Fu(;)g(s)2321 2831 y Fs(2)2360 2816 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(s)2625 2831 y Fq(m)2691 2816 y Fv(.)42 b(Alice)27 b(sends)j(to)d Fu(D)s(B)3531 2831 y Fs(2)3598 2816 y Fv(the)i(fol-)244 2937 y(lo)m(wing:)37 b Fu(\033)642 2901 y Fo(0)665 2937 y Fu(;)17 b(M)803 2952 y Fs(1)842 2937 y Fu(;)g(M)980 2952 y Fs(2)1020 2937 y Fu(;)g(s)1110 2952 y Fs(1)1149 2937 y Fu(;)g(s)1239 2952 y Fs(2)1278 2937 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(s) 1543 2952 y Fq(m)1609 2937 y Fv(.)40 b(\(The)22 b(total)f(is)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(m)p Ft(+\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))2758 2901 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2867 2937 y Ft(+)p Fu(m)c Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Ft(\))28 b(=)f Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))3750 2901 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)3860 2937 y Ft(+)244 3057 y Fu(m)17 b Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(.\))119 3268 y(7.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 3283 y Fs(1)469 3268 y Fv(sends)29 b(bac)m(k)g Fu(U)1014 3283 y Fs(1)1081 3268 y Ft(=)e Fr(\010)1261 3283 y Fq(\033)r Fs(\()p Fq(a)p Fs(\)=1)1491 3268 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)1712 3283 y Fs(1)1752 3268 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)1884 3283 y Fs(1)1936 3268 y Fr(\010)i Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)2186 3283 y Fq(a)2228 3268 y Ft(\)\))28 b Fv(and)f Fu(U)2582 3283 y Fs(2)2650 3268 y Ft(=)g Fr(\010)2830 3283 y Fq(\033)r Fs(\()p Fq(a)p Fs(\)=0)3060 3268 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)3281 3283 y Fs(2)3321 3268 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)3453 3283 y Fs(1)3505 3268 y Fr(\010)i Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)3755 3283 y Fq(a)3797 3268 y Ft(\)\))p Fv(.)244 3388 y(This)41 b(is)g(of)f(length)h Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))1392 3352 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1501 3388 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)70 b(\(Recall)39 b(that)i Fu(AN)10 b(S)2417 3403 y Fs(1)2457 3388 y Ft(\()p Fu(q)t Ft(\))41 b Fv(is)f(the)i(answ)m(er)g(that)f Fu(D)s(B)3613 3403 y Fs(1)3694 3388 y Fv(giv)m(es)244 3509 y(when)34 b(sen)m(t)f(question)g Fu(q)t Fv(.\))119 3719 y(8.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 3734 y Fs(2)472 3719 y Fv(sends)33 b(bac)m(k)g Fu(V)1016 3734 y Fs(1)1083 3719 y Ft(=)27 b Fr(\010)1263 3735 y Fq(\033)1305 3716 y Fe(0)1329 3735 y Fs(\()p Fq(a)p Fs(\)=1)1516 3719 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)1737 3734 y Fs(2)1777 3719 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)1909 3734 y Fs(1)1968 3719 y Fr(\010)21 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)2227 3734 y Fq(a)2268 3719 y Ft(\))31 b Fv(and)h Fu(V)2583 3734 y Fs(2)2650 3719 y Ft(=)27 b Fr(\010)2830 3735 y Fq(\033)2872 3716 y Fe(0)2896 3735 y Fs(\()p Fq(a)p Fs(\)=0)3083 3719 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)3304 3734 y Fs(2)3344 3719 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)3476 3734 y Fs(1)3535 3719 y Fr(\010)21 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)3794 3734 y Fq(a)3835 3719 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)244 3840 y(This)33 b(is)f(of)g(length)g Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))1358 3804 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1467 3840 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)119 4050 y(9.)49 b(Note)24 b(that)f(the)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(in)f(Theorem)h(3.3)f(that)g(w)m(e)i (are)e(using)g(has)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)d(imp)s(ortan)m(t)244 4171 y(prop)s(ert)m(y:)66 b(if)42 b(y)m(ou)i(giv)m(e)f(the)h(t)m(w)m(o) g(databases)g(the)g(same)f(query)-8 b(,)47 b(they)e(will)c(return)i (the)h(same)244 4291 y(answ)m(er.)86 b(Hence)47 b(w)m(e)h(ha)m(v)m(e,)j (for)45 b(all)g Fu(a)p Fv(,)50 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2037 4306 y Fs(1)2077 4291 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)2209 4306 y Fs(1)2280 4291 y Fr(\010)32 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)2550 4306 y Fq(a)2591 4291 y Ft(\)\))51 b(=)g Fu(AN)10 b(S)3066 4306 y Fs(2)3106 4291 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)3238 4306 y Fs(1)3309 4291 y Fr(\010)32 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)3579 4306 y Fq(a)3621 4291 y Ft(\)\))46 b Fv(and)244 4412 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)465 4427 y Fs(1)505 4412 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)637 4427 y Fs(2)689 4412 y Fr(\010)i Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)939 4427 y Fq(a)981 4412 y Ft(\)\))27 b(=)h Fu(AN)10 b(S)1409 4427 y Fs(2)1449 4412 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)1581 4427 y Fs(2)1633 4412 y Fr(\010)i Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)1883 4427 y Fq(a)1925 4412 y Ft(\)\))p Fv(.)42 b(Assume)28 b Fu(\033)t Ft(\()p Fu(i)p Ft(\))g(=)f(1)h Fv(\(the)g(other)g(case)g (is)f(similar\).)244 4532 y(Hence)i Fu(U)595 4547 y Fs(1)648 4532 y Fr(\010)13 b Fu(V)795 4547 y Fs(1)864 4532 y Fv(will)25 b(mostly)j(cancel)g(out)g(just)h(lea)m(ving)e Fu(AN)10 b(S)2550 4547 y Fs(1)2590 4532 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)2722 4547 y Fs(1)2775 4532 y Fr(\010)j Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)3026 4547 y Fq(j)3063 4532 y Ft(\)\))27 b(=)h Fu(AN)10 b(S)3491 4547 y Fs(1)3531 4532 y Ft(\()p Fu(q)3612 4547 y Fq(j)3649 4532 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)29 b(and)244 4652 y Fu(U)310 4667 y Fs(2)375 4652 y Fr(\010)d Fu(V)535 4667 y Fs(2)612 4652 y Fv(will)36 b(mostly)g(cancel)i(out)g(just)g(lea)m(ving)e Fu(AN)10 b(S)2355 4667 y Fs(2)2395 4652 y Ft(\()p Fu(M)2527 4667 y Fs(2)2593 4652 y Fr(\010)26 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(s)2857 4667 y Fq(j)2893 4652 y Ft(\)\))37 b(=)f Fu(AN)10 b(S)3339 4667 y Fs(2)3379 4652 y Ft(\()p Fu(q)3460 4667 y Fq(j)3497 4652 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)39 b(>F)-8 b(rom)244 4773 y(these)34 b(Alice)d(can)i(complete)f(the)h(sim)m(ulation)c(and)k(reco)m(v)m(er)h Fu(x)2551 4788 y Fq(i)2580 4773 y Fv(.)p 3829 5011 4 66 v 3833 4949 59 4 v 3833 5011 V 3891 5011 4 66 v 146 5220 a(The)28 b(follo)m(wing)d(theorem)h(follo)m(ws)g(from)g(the)h(pro) s(of)g(of)f(Theorem)h(4.5.)42 b(\(A)27 b(result)g(that)g(follo)m(ws)e (from)0 5340 y(a)32 b(Theorem)h(is)f(called)f(a)i(Corollary)-8 b(.)41 b(A)33 b(result)f(that)h(follo)m(ws)e(from)g(a)h(pro)s(of)g(is)g (called)f(a)i(P)m(orism.\))p eop end %%Page: 14 14 TeXDict begin 14 13 bop 0 100 a Fn(P)m(orism)42 b(4.6.)j Fv(Assume)39 b(that)f Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))g Fv(is)g(a)g(function)f(and)i Ft(1)e Fr(\024)h Fu(m)g Fr(\024)g Fu(n)p Fv(.)60 b(Assume)40 b(that)e Fr(P)46 b Fv(is)38 b(a)g(2-DB)0 220 y Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)23 b(PIR)i(sc)m(heme)g(\(p)s(ossibly)f(based)h(on)g (computational)c(limits)h(on)i(the)h(databases\))g(where,)i(for)d(all)0 340 y(queries)34 b Fu(q)j Fv(that)32 b(that)h(Alice)f(could)g(mak)m(e,) i Fu(AN)10 b(S)1843 355 y Fs(1)1883 340 y Ft(\()p Fu(q)t Ft(\))28 b(=)g Fu(AN)10 b(S)2359 355 y Fs(2)2399 340 y Ft(\()p Fu(q)t Ft(\))p Fv(.)45 b(Assume)33 b(there)h(is)e(a)h (function)g Fu(G)28 b Ft(:)0 461 y Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)242 425 y Fs(lg)12 b Fq(n)383 461 y Fr(!)27 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)752 425 y Fq(\013)p Fs(\()p Fq(n=m)p Fs(\))1024 461 y Fv(suc)m(h)30 b(that)e(Alice)f(and)h (the)h(databases)g(can)f(compute)g Fu(G)g Fv(but)h(the)f(databases)0 581 y(cannot)j(deduce)i(an)m(ything)e(ab)s(out)g Fu(z)36 b Fv(from)30 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(z)t Ft(\))p Fv(.)44 b(Then)32 b(there)g(is)f(a)g(2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n=m)p Ft(\))19 b(+)g Fu(m)e Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Ft(\))32 b Fv(PIR)0 702 y(sc)m(heme)41 b(\(based)g(on)f(the)g(same)g (limits)d(as)j(the)g(of)g(the)g(original)c(sc)m(heme)42 b(plus)d(the)i(limits)c(ab)s(out)i Fu(G)p Fv(\).)0 822 y(Applying)d(this)h(to)f(the)h(2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1353 786 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(4)1479 822 y Ft(lg)18 b Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)36 b(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(from)e(Theorem)h(4.5,)h (with)e Fu(m)g Ft(=)f Fu(n)3763 786 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(5)3873 822 y Fv(,)0 942 y(yields)d(a)g(2-DB)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)787 906 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(5)913 942 y Ft(lg)18 b Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)31 b(PIR)i(sc)m(heme.)0 1211 y Fn(Corollary)46 b(4.7.)f Fm(Assume)d(that,)h(for)f(al)5 b(l)41 b Fu(\016)j(<)c Ft(1)p Fm(,)j(ther)-5 b(e)41 b(exists)h Fu(G)e Ft(:)g Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)2918 1175 y Fq(n)2961 1152 y Fd(\016)3038 1211 y Fr(!)40 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3420 1175 y Fq(n)3507 1211 y Fm(such)42 b(that)0 1332 y(A)n(lic)-5 b(e)42 b(and)g(the)g(datab)-5 b(ases)42 b(c)-5 b(an)42 b(c)-5 b(ompute)42 b Fu(G)h Fm(but)g(the)f(datab)-5 b(ases)42 b(c)-5 b(annot)42 b(de)-5 b(duc)g(e)41 b(anything)i(ab)-5 b(out)42 b Fu(z)0 1452 y Fm(fr)-5 b(om)34 b Fu(G)p Ft(\()p Fu(z)t Ft(\))p Fm(.)46 b(Then,)33 b(for)i(al)5 b(l)35 b Fu(\017)p Fm(,)g(ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h(a)g(2-DB,)e Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2088 1416 y Fq(\017)2120 1452 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)i(PIR)g(scheme.)146 1647 y Fv(If)49 b(1-DB)f(PIR's)h(are)f(desired)h(then)g(a)f(stronger)g (assumption)g(is)f(needed.)93 b(In)48 b(particular,)j(the)0 1767 y(follo)m(wing)30 b(are)i(kno)m(wn:)119 1962 y(1.)49 b(Stern)26 b([57)o(])g(and)f(Mann)h([50])f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(sho)m(wn)f (that)f(an)m(y)h(homomorphic)d(encryption)j(sc)m(heme)g(implies)244 2083 y Fu(n)302 2046 y Fq(\017)367 2083 y Fv(\(an)m(y)33 b Fu(\017)28 b(>)g Ft(0)p Fv(\))k(1-DB)h(PIR)f(sc)m(hemes)j(exist.)119 2283 y(2.)49 b(Kushilevitz)33 b(and)i(Ostro)m(vsky)h([48])e(sho)m(w)h (that)g(if)e(there)i(exists)g(a)f(One-w)m(a)m(y)h(T)-8 b(rap)s(do)s(or)34 b(P)m(erm)m(u-)244 2403 y(tation)d(then)i(there)g (is)f(an)h Fu(n)22 b Fr(\000)h Fu(o)p Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))32 b Fv(1-DB)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)119 2604 y(3.)49 b(Certain)21 b(assumptions)h(ab)s(out)f(oblivious)f(transfer)i(imply)d (1-DB)j(p)s(olylog-bits)d(PIR)j(sc)m(hemes)h([46].)244 2724 y(\(A)m(dded)34 b(at)e(last)g(min)m(ute-)f(this)h(Sc)m(heme)i(has) e(recen)m(tly)i(b)s(een)f(brok)m(en.)45 b(Details)31 b(will)g(app)s(ear)0 3056 y Fw(5)155 b(What)52 b(Do)g(1-DB)f(Sublinear) j(PIRs)d(Imply?)0 3275 y Fv(In)31 b(this)g(section)g(w)m(e)h(sk)m(etc)m (h)h(a)d(pro)s(of)g(that)h(1-DB)g(Sublinear)f(PIR)h(Implies)e(OneW)-8 b(a)m(y)32 b(F)-8 b(unctions)31 b(Exist)0 3395 y(and)i(then)g (summarize)e(what)i(else)g(is)f(kno)m(wn.)0 3682 y Fk(5.1)130 b(1-DB)44 b(Sublinear)h(PIR)f(Implies)g(OneW)-11 b(a)l(y)44 b(F)-11 b(unctions)44 b(Exist)0 3867 y Fv(In)35 b(Section)f(4)g(w)m(e)i (sho)m(w)f(that)g(one-w)m(a)m(y)g(functions)g(imply)d(sublinear)i(2-DB) g(PIR)h(sc)m(hemes)h(exist.)50 b(W)-8 b(e)0 3987 y(also)40 b(noted)i(that)e(some)h(conjectures)i(imply)c(1-DB)i(sublinear)f(PIR)i (sc)m(hemes)g(exist.)70 b(The)42 b(question)0 4108 y(arises)e(as)g(to)g (what)h(primitiv)m(es)d(are)i(necessary)-8 b(.)68 b(Beimel)39 b(et)h(al.)f([11])h(sho)m(w)h(that)f(if)f(1-DB)h(sublinear)0 4228 y(PIR's)k(exist)g(then)h(one-w)m(a)m(y)f(functions)g(exist.)77 b(It)43 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)i(that)f(bit-commit)c(\(see)k([35]\))f(implies) 0 4349 y(one-w)m(a)m(y)36 b(functions)e([38].)50 b(W)-8 b(e)35 b(sk)m(etc)m(h)i(a)d(w)m(eak)i(v)m(ersion)f(of)f(`sublinear)g (1-DB)h(PIR's)g(imply)e(one-w)m(a)m(y')0 4469 y(b)m(y)g(sho)m(wing)g (the)g(follo)m(wing.)0 4664 y Fn(Theorem)56 b(5.1.)50 b Fm([11)o(])g(If)g(ther)-5 b(e)49 b(is)h(a)g(1-DB)e Ft(\()p Fu(n=)p Ft(2\))p Fm(-bit)i(PIR)f(scheme)g(then)h(ther)-5 b(e)50 b(is)f(a)h(we)-5 b(ak)49 b(bit-)0 4784 y(c)-5 b(ommitment)34 b(scheme.)0 4979 y(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of)35 b(sketch:)146 5099 y Fv(Recall)c(that)i Fu(I)8 b(P)14 b Ft(\()p Fu(x;)j(y)t Ft(\))30 b Fv(is)j(the)g(inner)f(pro)s(duct)g(mo)s(d)g(2)g(of)g Fu(x)h Fv(and)g Fu(y)t Fv(.)146 5220 y(W)-8 b(e)30 b(will)e(ha)m(v)m(e) j(Carol)d(committing)e(to)k(a)f(bit)g(and)h(Da)m(vid)g(b)s(e)f(the)h (one)g(she)h(commits)d(to)h(\(w)m(e)i(do)e(not)0 5340 y(use)34 b(Alice)d(and)i(Bob)f(since)h(Alice)f(is)g(b)s(eing)f(used)j (in)e(another)h(capacit)m(y)f(throughout)g(this)h(pap)s(er.\))p eop end %%Page: 15 15 TeXDict begin 15 14 bop 146 100 a Fv(Assume)41 b(that)f(there)g(is)f (1-DB)h Ft(\()p Fu(n=)p Ft(2\))p Fv(-bit)e(PIR)i(sc)m(heme)h Fr(P)8 b Fv(.)66 b(W)-8 b(e)40 b(use)h(it)e(to)g(build)g(the)h(follo)m (wing)0 220 y(bit-commit)29 b(sc)m(heme.)0 340 y(PHASE)34 b(ONE:)f(Carol)e(commits)g(to)h(bit)g Fu(b)p Fv(.)119 539 y(1.)49 b(Carol)31 b(has)i(bit)f Fu(b)p Fv(.)119 735 y(2.)49 b(Carol)31 b(generates)j Fu(x;)17 b(y)31 b Fr(2)d(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1452 699 y Fq(n)1498 735 y Fv(.)43 b(Da)m(vid)33 b(generates)h Fu(i)28 b Fr(2)g Ft([)p Fu(n)p Ft(])p Fv(.)119 931 y(3.)49 b(Carol)31 b(and)i(Da)m(vid)f(exercise)i(the)f(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)i Fr(P)41 b Fv(with)32 b(Carol)f(ha)m(ving)h(database)h Fu(x)f Fv(and)h(Da)m(vid)244 1052 y(ha)m(ving)f(index)h Fu(i)p Fv(.)44 b(Note)32 b(that)h(at)f(the)h(end)g(Da)m(vid)g(kno)m(ws) h Fu(x)2477 1067 y Fq(i)2538 1052 y Fv(and)f(Carol)e(do)s(es)i(not)f (kno)m(w)i Fu(i)p Fv(.)119 1248 y(4.)49 b(Carol)31 b(sends)k(Da)m(vid)d Fu(y)k Fv(and)d Ft(IP\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))k Fr(\010)i Fu(b)p Fv(.)146 1447 y(Before)37 b(giving)f(phase)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(e)g (claim)c(that)j(Da)m(vid)g(cannot)g(p)s(ossibly)f(deduce)j(an)m(ything) d(ab)s(out)h Fu(b)0 1567 y Fv(after)j(Phase)h(one.)66 b(Assume)40 b(that)g(he)g(could.)66 b(Then)41 b(the)f(follo)m(wing)d (is)j(a)f(comm)m(unication)f(proto)s(col)0 1687 y(\(no)32 b(priv)-5 b(acy)31 b(in)m(v)m(olv)m(ed\))i(for)e(the)h Ft(IP)h Fv(problem)d(where)k(Carol)c(has)j Fu(x)p Fv(,)f(Da)m(vid)g (has)h Fu(y)t Fv(,)e(and)h(at)g(the)g(end)g(of)0 1808 y(the)i(proto)s(col)e(they)j(b)s(oth)e(kno)m(w)i(something)e(ab)s(out)g Ft(IP)q(\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))p Fv(.)46 b(The)34 b(proto)s(col)e(tak)m(es)j Fu(n=)p Ft(2)f Fv(bits,)f(whic)m(h)0 1928 y(violates)j(the)i(lo)m(w)m(er)f(b)s(ound)g(on)g(the)h(randomized) e(comm)m(unication)e(complexit)m(y)j(of)f Ft(IP)i 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Fo(0)3101 3272 y Fv(for)h Fu(b)h Fv(as)g(w)m(e)h(are)e (as-)244 3393 y(suming)31 b(he)i(can.)119 3589 y(6.)49 b(Da)m(vid)24 b(computes)g Fu(b)987 3552 y Fo(0)1015 3589 y Fr(\010)t Fu(c)h Fv(as)f(a)f(prediction)g(for)g Ft(IP)q(\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))23 b Fv(and)g(transmits)g(this)h (prediction)e(to)i(Carol.)244 3709 y(\(Since)31 b(Carols)g(c)m(hoice)g (of)g Fu(b)h Fv(in)e(the)i(commit)d(proto)s(col)h(is)h(uniformly)e (distributed,)i(Da)m(vids)h(view)244 3829 y(here)41 b(is)g(iden)m (tical)e(to)h(his)h(view)g(in)f(the)i(commit)c(proto)s(col.)67 b(Hence)42 b Fu(c)f Fv(con)m(v)m(eys)i(just)e(as)g(m)m(uc)m(h)244 3950 y(information)29 b(as)k Fu(b)23 b Fr(\010)f Ft(IP)q(\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))31 b Fv(did.\))146 4149 y(W)-8 b(e)33 b(no)m(w)g(exhibit)0 4269 y(PHASE)h(TW)m(O)119 4450 y(1.)49 b(Carol)31 b(has)i Fu(x;)17 b(y)31 b Fr(2)d(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1197 4414 y Fq(n)1276 4450 y Fv(and)32 b Fu(b)c Fr(2)h(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)p Fv(.)42 b(Da)m(vid)33 b(has)g Fu(i;)17 b(x)2532 4465 y Fq(i)2560 4450 y Fu(;)g(y)t Fv(,)32 b(and)g Ft(IP)q(\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))k Fr(\010)i Fu(b)33 b Fv(.)119 4646 y(2.)49 b(Carol)31 b(sends)k(Da)m(vid)d Fu(x)p Fv(.)119 4842 y(3.)49 b(Da)m(vid)40 b(v)m(eri\034es)g(that)g Fu(x)1143 4857 y Fq(i)1211 4842 y Fv(is)f(what)h(it)f(should)g(b)s(e.)65 b(\(Carol)39 b(did)g(not)g(kno)m(w)i Fu(i)f Fv(so)g(she)g(m)m(ust)g (giv)m(e)244 4963 y(Da)m(vid)33 b(the)g(correct)g Fu(x)p Fv(.\))119 5159 y(4.)49 b(Da)m(vid)33 b(computes)g Ft(IP\()p Fu(x;)17 b(y)t Ft(\))32 b Fv(and)h(can)f(then)h(deduce)i Fu(b)e Fv(easily)-8 b(.)0 5340 y Fc(\003)p eop end %%Page: 16 16 TeXDict begin 16 15 bop 0 100 a Fk(5.2)130 b(Summary)44 b(of)g(What)f(is)h(Kno)l(wn)g(ab)t(out)f(Computational)h(PIR)0 289 y Fn(Notation)36 b(5.2.)119 503 y Fv(1.)49 b Fm(One-W)-7 b(ay)38 b Fv(means)i(there)g(exists)g(a)f(one-w)m(a)m(y)h(function.)63 b(This)39 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)i(to)e(b)s(e)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)244 624 y(the)33 b(existence)h(of)e(pseudorandom)h(generators.)119 838 y(2.)49 b Fm(One-W)-7 b(ay-Perm-T)g(r)i(ap)28 b Fv(means)i(that)h (there)g(exists)g(a)f(one-w)m(a)m(y)i(p)s(erm)m(utation)d(with)h(a)g (trap)s(do)s(or.)244 959 y(In)m(tuitiv)m(ely)39 b(this)g(means)g(that)g (if)g(y)m(ou)h(kno)m(w)g(the)g(trap)s(do)s(or)e(\(e.g.,)k(the)d (factors)h(of)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\))244 1079 y(then)33 b(y)m(ou)g(can)g(compute)g(the)g(in)m(v)m(erse.)119 1294 y(3.)49 b Fm(HES)33 b Fv(means)f(that)g(there)i(exists)f(a)f (homomorphic)f(encryption)h(sc)m(heme.)119 1508 y(4.)49 b Fm(OT)30 b Fv(is)g(oblivious)f(transfer.)43 b(It)31 b(is)f(kno)m(wn)i(that)f(1-out-of-2)d(OT)j(and)g(1-out-of-)p Fu(n)d Fv(OT)j(are)g(equiv-)244 1629 y(alen)m(t)43 b([26].)77 b(It)44 b(is)f(clear)h(that)f(1-out-of-)p Fu(n)f Fv(sublinear)h(OT)h (and)g(SPIR)g(\(see)h(Section)f(7.2\))f(are)244 1749 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t.)146 1963 y(The)34 b(follo)m(wing)c(summarizes)h (what)i(is)f(kno)m(wn)i(ab)s(out)e(assumptions)g(for)g(sublinear)g (1-DB)g(PIR.)146 2086 y(One-W)-8 b(a)m(y-P)m(erm-T)g(rap)60 b Ft(=)-17 b Fr(\))60 b Fv(1-DB)33 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)22 b Fr(\000)h Fu(o)p Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fv(-bit)31 b(PIR)i([48)o(])146 2209 y Ft(\()p Fu(n)23 b Fr(\000)f Fu(o)p Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fv(-bit)31 b(PIR)61 b Ft(=)-17 b Fr(\))60 b Fv(OT)33 b([29)o(])146 2331 y(OT)61 b Ft(=)-17 b Fr(\))60 b Fv(One-W)-8 b(a)m(y)146 2454 y(One-W)g(a)m(y)61 b Ft(=)-17 b Fr(\))60 b Fv(2-DB)32 b Fu(o)p Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)g(PIR)g([19])146 2794 y(HES)61 b Ft(=)-17 b Fr(\))60 b Fv(1-DB)33 b Fu(n)935 2757 y Fq(\017)967 2794 y Fv(-bit)f(PIR)h([50)o(,)g(57)o(])146 3133 y(Impagliazzo)e(and)i(Rudic)m(h)g([39)o(])g(sho)m(w)h(that)f(a)f (pro)s(of)g(that)h(OT)g(can)g(b)s(e)g(implemen)m(ted)f(using)g(one-)0 3254 y(w)m(a)m(y)j(functions)f(only)f(\(without)g(trap)s(do)s(or\),)g (whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)f(relativize,)g(w)m(ould,)h(roughly)f(sp)s (eaking,)0 3374 y(lead)40 b(to)h(a)g(pro)s(of)f(that)h Fu(P)56 b Fr(6)p Ft(=)42 b Fu(N)10 b(P)55 b 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b(This)37 b(question)g(w)m(as)g(raised)f(b)m(y)0 4764 y(Chor)d(et)g(al.)e([23].)0 4979 y Fn(De\034nition)40 b(6.1.)j Fv([23])36 b(Let)g Fu(`;)17 b(n;)g(k)s(;)g(n)33 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fv(.)54 b(The)37 b Fr(P)8 b(I)f(R)q Ft(\()p Fu(`;)17 b(n;)g(k)s Ft(\))35 b Fv(problem)g(is)g(as)h(follo)m(ws:)49 b(There)37 b(are)0 5099 y Fu(k)h Fv(databases)e(eac)m(h)g(with)f(the)h (same)f Fu(x)d Fr(2)h(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1830 5063 y Fq(n)1876 5099 y Fv(.)51 b(The)36 b Fu(x)g Fv(is)e(brok)m(en)j (up)e(in)m(to)g Fu(n=`)g Fv(blo)s(c)m(ks)g(of)g Fu(`)g Fv(eac)m(h.)0 5220 y(Alice)d(w)m(an)m(ts)i(to)e(priv)-5 b(ately)32 b(retriev)m(e)i Fu(`)e Fv(consecutiv)m(e)j(bits.)44 b(Note)33 b(that)f Fr(P)8 b(I)f(R)r Ft(\()p Fu(`;)17 b(n;)g(k)s Ft(\))32 b Fv(problem)g(can)h(b)s(e)0 5340 y(solv)m(ed)g(b)m(y)h Fu(`)e Fv(iterations)f(of)h(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme.)p eop end %%Page: 17 17 TeXDict begin 17 16 bop 146 100 a Fv(The)37 b(follo)m(wing)d(theorem)h (app)s(eared)i(in)e([23].)54 b(W)-8 b(e)37 b(giv)m(e)f(a)f(di\033eren)m (t)i(pro)s(of,)f(from)f([42)o(],)i(whic)m(h)g(w)m(e)0 220 y(will)30 b(need)k(in)e(Section)g(8)0 421 y Fn(Theorem)37 b(6.2.)42 b Fm([23)o(,)35 b(42])f(The)h Fr(P)8 b(I)f(R)q Ft(\()p Fu(`;)17 b(n;)g Ft(2\))34 b Fm(pr)-5 b(oblem)34 b(c)-5 b(an)34 b(b)-5 b(e)35 b(solve)-5 b(d)34 b(with)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n=`)22 b Ft(+)g Fu(`)p Ft(\))34 b Fm(bits.)0 622 y Fn(KEY)i(IDEA:)g(Use)i Fr(\010)g Fn(on)g(blo)s(c)m(ks)0 817 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(The)34 b(database)f(consists)g(of)f Fu(n=`)h Fv(blo)s(c)m(ks)f(of)g Fu(`)h Fv(bits)f(eac)m(h.)44 b(View)33 b(it)f(as)g(an)h Fu(n=`)f Fv(b)m(y)i Fu(`)e Fv(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)44 b(W)-8 b(e)0 937 y(denote)33 b(the)g(blo)s(c)m (ks)g Fu(B)852 952 y Fs(1)892 937 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(B)1184 952 y Fq(n=`)1295 937 y Fv(.)0 1082 y Fr(P)8 b(I)f(R)r Ft(\()p Fu(`;)17 b(n;)g Ft(2\))36 b Fn(Sc)m(heme)119 1307 y Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(w)m(an)m(ts)j(the)f Fu(i)p Fv(th)g(ro)m(w.)119 1510 y(2.)49 b(Alice)35 b(generates)j Fu(\033)h 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Fu(`)p Fv(.)44 b(Alice)32 b(has)h(a)f(string)g Fu(w)f Fr(2)d(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)3306 5183 y Fq(`)3338 5220 y Fv(.)44 b(Alice)32 b(w)m(an)m(ts)0 5340 y(to)g(determine)g(if)g Fu(w)j Fv(is)d(on)g(the)h(list)e(without)h(the)h(databases)h(kno)m (wing)e(an)m(ything)h(ab)s(out)f Fu(w)s Fv(.)p eop end %%Page: 18 18 TeXDict begin 18 17 bop 0 100 a Fn(Theorem)37 b(6.6.)42 b Fm([20)o(])35 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(exists)h(an)f Fu(O)s Ft(\(\()p Fu(N)e Ft(+)22 b Fu(`)p Ft(\)\(lg)17 b Fu(N)10 b Ft(\)\))p Fm(-bit)36 b Fr(P)8 b(E)h(RK)q(Y)f Ft(\()p Fu(`;)17 b(N)5 b(;)17 b(k)s Ft(\))34 b Fm(scheme.;)0 305 y Fn(KEY)i(IDEA:)g(The)i(w)m(ords)g(are)f(sorted.)50 b(Alice)35 b(uses)j(blo)s(c)m(k)f(PIR)f(and)j(binary)e(searc)m(h)0 504 y Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(The)35 b(databases)f(store)g(the)f (strings)h(in)e(lexicographic)g(order.)46 b(Both)33 b(Alice)f(and)i (the)g(database)0 624 y(can)39 b(view)h(the)g(set)f(of)g(strings)g(as)h (one)f(string)g(of)f(length)h Fu(N)10 b(`)p Fv(.)64 b(Alice)38 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Fq(i)1098 1457 y Fv(.)p 3829 1457 4 66 v 3833 1394 59 4 v 3833 1457 V 3891 1457 4 66 v 0 1737 a Fn(Note)25 b(7.3.)35 b Fv(There)24 b(is)e(an)h (alternativ)m(e)e(pro)s(of)h(of)g(Theorem)h(7.2)g(that)f(uses)i (Shamir's)e(secret)i(sharing)e([56].)146 1942 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(the)h(general)f(case)h(p)s(erfect)g(hash)h(families)29 b(are)k(used)g(to)f(obtain)g(the)h(follo)m(wing.)0 2146 y Fn(Theorem)k(7.4.)42 b Fm([14)o(])35 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)h(a)f Fu(k)s Fm(-out-of-)p Fu(m)h Ft(2)1912 2093 y Fs(~)1896 2110 y Fq(O)r Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fs(\))2049 2146 y Fu(n)2107 2110 y Fs(2)12 b(lg)h(lg)g Fq(k)r(=k)g Fs(lg)f Fq(k)2524 2146 y Fu(m)17 b Ft(lg)h Fu(m)p Fm(-bit)35 b(PIR)g(scheme.)146 2350 y Fv(W)-8 b(e)33 b(no)m(w)g(lo)s(ok)f(at)g (the)h(case)g(where)h(some)e(databases)h(can)g(answ)m(er)h(with)e(the)h (wrong)f(information.)0 2555 y Fn(De\034nition)43 b(7.5.)j Fv([14)o(])39 b(Let)h Fu(b;)17 b(k)s(;)g(m)39 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fv(.)63 b(A)39 b Fu(b)p Fv(-Byzan)m(tine)h Fu(k)s Fv(-out-of-)p Fu(m)d Fv(PIR)j(sc)m(heme)g(is)f(an)g Fu(m)p Fv(-DB)0 2675 y(PIR)c(sc)m(heme)i(that)d(w)m(orks)j(ev)m(en)f(if)e (only)h Fu(k)j Fv(of)d(the)g(PIR)g(sc)m(hemes)i(return)f(answ)m(ers)h (and)e Fr(\024)d Fu(b)k Fv(of)e(them)0 2796 y(return)f(incorrect)f (answ)m(ers.)46 b(\(Note)32 b(that)h(the)g Fu(b)g Fv(bad)f(databases)i (do)e(not)g(collude.\))0 3084 y Fn(Theorem)40 b(7.6.)j Fm([14])37 b(Ther)-5 b(e)36 b(is)h(a)h Fu(k)s(=)p Ft(3)p Fm(-Byzantine)d(r)-5 b(obust)38 b Fu(k)s Fm(-out-of-)p Fu(m)f(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)s(n)3030 3048 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\()p Fo(b)q Fq(k)r(=)p Fs(3)p Fo(c)q Fq(m)12 b Fs(lg)h Fq(m)3508 3084 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)37 b(PIR)0 3204 y(scheme.)146 3409 y Fv(What)27 b(if)f(the)h Fu(b)h Fv(bad)f(databases)g(collude?)41 b(In)27 b(this)f(case)i(w)m(e)g(will)d(allo)m(w)g(an)m(y)i Fu(b)h Fv(databases)f(to)g(collude)0 3529 y(and)33 b(hence)h(w)m(e)f (can)g(use)g(the)g(terminology)e(of)h(Section)g(7.4.)0 3734 y Fn(Theorem)37 b(7.7.)42 b Fm([14)o(])35 b(Assume)g Fu(b)28 b(<)f(k)s(=)p Ft(3)p Fm(.)45 b(Ther)-5 b(e)34 b(is)g(a)h Fu(b)p Fm(-private)g Fu(b)p Fm(-Byzantine)f Fu(k)s Fm(-out-of-)p Fu(m)0 3854 y(O)s Ft(\()139 3815 y Fq(k)p 126 3831 66 4 v 126 3888 a Fs(3)p Fq(b)201 3854 y Fu(n)259 3818 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fo(b)q Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))p Fq(=)p Fs(3)p Fq(t)q Fo(c)676 3854 y Fu(m)17 b Ft(lg)h Fu(m)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)35 b(PIR)f(scheme.)146 4058 y Fv(These)h(last)c(t)m(w)m(o)j(theorems)e(use)i(p)s(olynomial)29 b(in)m(terp)s(olation.)0 4349 y Fk(7.2)130 b(Symmetric)45 b(PIR)f(Sc)l(hemes)0 4534 y Fv(In)28 b(the)f(standard)h(mo)s(del)d (Alice)i(ma)m(y)g(end)h(up)f(learning)f(more)g(than)i(the)f(one)h(bit)e (she)i(is)f(curious)g(ab)s(out.)0 4654 y(Gertner)37 b(et)h(al.)e([34)o (])i(considered)g(the)f(the)h(question)f(of)g(prev)m(en)m(ting)h(Alice) e(from)g(learning)g(an)m(y)i(more)0 4774 y(than)33 b Fu(x)283 4789 y Fq(i)311 4774 y Fv(.)0 4979 y Fn(De\034nition)28 b(7.8.)37 b Fv([34])26 b(A)g Fm(Symmetric)i(PIR)e Fv(sc)m(heme)h (\(henceforth)g(SPIR\))g(is)e(a)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i(where,)g(at)0 5099 y(the)k(end,)g(Alice)e(learns)h(nothing)f(more)g(than)h Fu(x)1782 5114 y Fq(i)1811 5099 y Fv(.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(will)e(allo)m(w)h(the)h(databases)h(to)f(share)h(a)e(common)0 5220 y(random)k(string;)h(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(the)d(length)f(of)g(that) g(string)g(will)f(b)s(e)i(one)g(of)f(our)g(parameters.)50 b(There)36 b(are)0 5340 y(t)m(w)m(o)d(t)m(yp)s(es)h(of)e(SPIR:)p eop end %%Page: 20 20 TeXDict begin 20 19 bop 119 100 a Fv(1.)49 b(Those)37 b(where)h(Alice)d(is)g(honest-but-curious)i(\(she)g(will)d(follo)m(w)g (the)j(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)h(but)g(will)d(try)244 220 y(to)e(use)i(the)f (information)c(gathered)k(to)f(\034nd)h(out)f(more)g(information\).)119 417 y(2.)49 b(Those)31 b(where)h(Alice)d(is)h(dishonest)h(\(she)h(ma)m (y)e(c)m(ho)s(ose)h(to)f(not)g(follo)m(w)f(the)i(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(in)f (order)244 537 y(to)i(\034nd)h(out)g(some)f(information\).)146 720 y(W)-8 b(e)30 b(will)e(need)i(to)g(lo)s(ok)e(at)i(the)g(complexit)m (y)e(of)i(a)f(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(sligh)m(tly)d(di\033eren)m(tly)h(than)h (usual)f(to)0 841 y(state)k(the)g(next)g(theorem.)0 1024 y Fn(De\034nition)i(7.9.)40 b Fv(A)32 b Fm(1-r)-5 b(ound)33 b Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)17 b(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(-bit)32 b(PIR)i(scheme)c Fv(is)h(a)g(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)i(where)f(Alice)e(sends)0 1144 y(a)i(string)g(of)g(length)g Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))h Fv(and)f(then)h(receiv)m(es,)i(from)c(eac)m(h)i(database,)g(a)f (string)g(of)g(length)g Fu(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)0 1390 y Fn(Theorem)44 b(7.10.)h Fm([34)o(])c(L)-5 b(et)40 b Fu(k)i Fr(\025)c Ft(2)p Fm(.)61 b(Assume)41 b(ther)-5 b(e)40 b(exists)g Fr(P)8 b Fm(,)42 b(a)f Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)e(1-r)-5 b(ound)40 b Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)17 b(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(-bit)0 1511 y(PIR)27 b(scheme.)41 b(Then)27 b(ther)-5 b(e)28 b(exists)f(a)g(1-r)-5 b(ound)28 b Ft(\()p Fu(k)9 b Ft(+)d(1\))p Fm(-DB)26 b Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))6 b(+)g(\()p Fu(k)j Ft(+)d(1\))17 b Fr(d)p Ft(lg)h Fu(n)p Fr(e)f Fu(;)g(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))g(+)g(1\))p Fm(-bit)27 b(SPIR)0 1631 y(scheme)33 b Fr(P)415 1595 y Fo(0)473 1631 y Fm(that)i(uses)f(a)g(shar)-5 b(e)g(d)33 b(r)-5 b(andom)33 b(string)h(of)g(length)g Fu(n)p Fm(.)45 b Fr(P)2507 1595 y Fo(0)2565 1631 y Fm(works)33 b(in)h(the)g(honest-but-curious)0 1751 y(mo)-5 b(del.)44 b(W)-7 b(e)34 b(obtain,)g(using)h(The)-5 b(or)g(em)34 b(3.3,)g(a)g(3-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2190 1715 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)2299 1751 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(SPIR)g(scheme.)0 1934 y(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of)35 b(sketch:)146 2055 y Fv(W)-8 b(e)44 b(pro)m(v)m(e)g(the)f Fu(k)48 b Ft(=)d(2)e Fv(case;)49 b(the)43 b(extension)g(is)g(ob)m(vious.)74 b(W)-8 b(e)43 b(do)g(not)g(include)f(the)h(pro)s(ofs)f(of)0 2175 y(securit)m(y)-8 b(.)68 b(The)41 b(databases)g(are)g Fu(D)s(B)1407 2190 y Fs(0)1446 2175 y Fu(;)17 b(D)s(B)1648 2190 y Fs(1)1687 2175 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)1889 2190 y Fs(2)1968 2175 y Fv(and)41 b(all)d(ha)m(v)m(e)j Fu(x)h Fr(2)f(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)2987 2139 y Fq(n)3073 2175 y Fv(as)41 b(w)m(ell)f(as)g(a) g(shared)0 2296 y(random)32 b(string)f Fu(r)g Fr(2)d(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1045 2259 y Fq(n)1091 2296 y Fv(.)43 b(It)33 b(will)d(turn)j(out)f(that)g Fu(D)s(B)2210 2311 y Fs(0)2282 2296 y Fv(do)s(es)h(not)g(need)g Fu(r)s Fv(.)119 2497 y(1.)49 b(Alice)30 b(has)i Fu(i)p Fv(.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(tak)m(e)g Fu(i)c Fr(2)g(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(n)j Fr(\000)g Ft(1)p Fr(g)31 b Fv(since)h(w)m(e)g (will)d(b)s(e)j(using)f(mo)s(d)f Fu(n)i Fv(arithmetic.)41 b(Alice)244 2617 y(sends)33 b(queries)f(to)f Fu(D)s(B)1107 2632 y Fs(1)1178 2617 y Fv(and)h Fu(D)s(B)1525 2632 y Fs(2)1596 2617 y Fv(as)f(she)i(w)m(ould)e(in)g(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)g Fr(P)40 b Fv(\(this)32 b(tak)m(es)g Ft(2)p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))f Fv(bits\).)244 2738 y(She)38 b(then)h(generates) g Fr(4)d(2)i(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(n)26 b Fr(\000)g Ft(1)p Fr(g)p Fv(.)59 b(Alice)37 b(sends)j Fr(4)d Fv(to)h Fu(D)s(B)2941 2753 y Fs(1)3018 2738 y Fv(and)g Fu(D)s(B)3371 2753 y Fs(2)3410 2738 y Fv(,)h(and)f(sends)244 2858 y Fu(i)277 2822 y Fo(0)328 2858 y Fr(\021)28 b Fu(i)23 b Fr(\000)f(4)44 b Ft(\(mo)s(d)33 b Fu(n)p Ft(\))g Fv(to)f Fu(D)s(B)1385 2873 y Fs(0)1457 2858 y Fv(\(this)g(tak)m(es)i Ft(lg)18 b Fu(n)32 b Fv(bits\).)119 3055 y(2.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 3070 y Fs(1)481 3055 y Fv(and)39 b Fu(D)s(B)835 3070 y Fs(2)914 3055 y Fv(compute)h Fu(r)1364 3019 y Fo(0)1427 3055 y Fv(whic)m(h)g(is)f Fu(r)j Fv(shifted)e(cyclically)e Fr(4)h Fv(places)h(to)f(the)h(righ)m(t.)64 b(Then)244 3175 y Fu(D)s(B)402 3190 y Fs(1)481 3175 y Fv(and)39 b Fu(D)s(B)835 3190 y Fs(2)914 3175 y Fv(compute)g Fu(x)1371 3139 y Fo(0)1434 3175 y Ft(=)g Fu(x)28 b Fr(\010)f Fu(r)1783 3139 y Fo(0)1806 3175 y Fv(.)64 b Fu(D)s(B)2055 3190 y Fs(1)2134 3175 y Fv(and)39 b Fu(D)s(B)2488 3190 y Fs(2)2567 3175 y Fv(answ)m(er)i(the)f(query)g(Alice)f(sen)m(t)h(to)244 3296 y(them)32 b(as)h(if)e(the)i(database)g(w)m(as)h Fu(x)1520 3259 y Fo(0)1543 3296 y Fv(.)44 b(\(This)32 b(tak)m(es)i Fu(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))32 b Fv(bits.\))119 3492 y(3.)49 b Fu(D)s(B)402 3507 y Fs(0)474 3492 y Fv(sends)34 b Fu(r)779 3507 y Fq(i)803 3488 y Fe(0)829 3492 y Fv(.)44 b(\(This)32 b(tak)m(es)i(one)f(bit.\))119 3689 y(4.)49 b(Alice)37 b(reconstructs)j Fu(x)1105 3653 y Fo(0)1129 3704 y Fq(i)1196 3689 y Fv(and)e(then)h(computes)g Fu(x)2114 3704 y Fq(i)2180 3689 y Ft(=)e Fu(x)2348 3653 y Fo(0)2372 3704 y Fq(i)2426 3689 y Fr(\010)27 b Fu(r)2574 3704 y Fq(i)2598 3685 y Fe(0)2624 3689 y Fv(.)61 b(\(Note)39 b(that)f Fu(x)3264 3653 y Fo(0)3287 3704 y Fq(i)3353 3689 y Ft(=)g Fu(x)3522 3704 y Fq(i)3576 3689 y Fr(\010)27 b Fu(r)3724 3704 y Fq(i)3748 3685 y Fe(0)3813 3689 y Fv(so)244 3809 y Fu(x)299 3773 y Fo(0)323 3824 y Fq(i)373 3809 y Fr(\010)c Fu(r)517 3824 y Fq(i)541 3805 y Fe(0)595 3809 y Ft(=)k Fu(x)753 3824 y Fq(i)804 3809 y Fr(\010)c Fu(r)948 3824 y Fq(i)972 3805 y Fe(0)1020 3809 y Fr(\010)g Fu(r)1164 3824 y Fq(i)1188 3805 y Fe(0)1242 3809 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(x)1401 3824 y Fq(i)1429 3809 y Fv(.\))146 4011 y Fc(\003)146 4131 y Fv(F)-8 b(or)39 b(the)h(case)h(where)g(Alice)d(is)i (dishonest)g(a)f(new)i(primitiv)m(e)c(is)i(in)m(tro)s(duced)h(called)e Fm(Conditional)0 4251 y(Disclosur)-5 b(e)37 b(of)h(Se)-5 b(cr)g(ets)35 b Fv(whic)m(h)h(is)g(a)g(generalization)d(of)j Fu(t)p Fv(-out-of-)p Fu(m)e Fv(secrets)k(sharing)d([56].)53 b(It)36 b(is)g(used)0 4372 y(to)c(obtain)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)c (results.)0 4555 y Fn(Theorem)37 b(7.11.)42 b Fm([34)o(])35 b(Assume)g(ther)-5 b(e)34 b(exists)h Fr(P)8 b Fm(,)35 b(a)g(1-r)-5 b(ound)34 b Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)17 b(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(-bit)34 b(PIR)g(scheme.)0 4675 y(Then)27 b(ther)-5 b(e)29 b(exists)e(a)i(1-r)-5 b(ound)27 b Ft(\()p Fu(k)11 b Ft(+)d(1\))p Fm(-DB)26 b Ft(\()p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))8 b(+)g(\()p Fu(k)j Ft(+)d(1\))17 b Fr(d)m Ft(lg)h Fu(n)q Fr(e)e Fu(;)h Ft(2)p Fu(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(-bit)28 b(SPIR)g(scheme)f Fr(P)3684 4639 y Fo(0)3736 4675 y Fm(that)0 4796 y(uses)38 b(a)f(shar)-5 b(e)g(d)37 b(r)-5 b(andom)37 b(string)g(of)h(length)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)24 b Ft(+)g Fu(\014)6 b Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(.)53 b Fr(P)2341 4760 y Fo(0)2402 4796 y Fm(and)38 b(works)f(when)g(A)n(lic)-5 b(e)37 b(is)g(dishonest.)0 4916 y(W)-7 b(e)35 b(obtain,)f(using)g(The)-5 b(or)g(em)34 b(3.3,)g(a)h(3-DB)e Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1871 4880 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(3)1981 4916 y Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)i(SPIR)f(scheme.)146 5099 y Fv(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)f(theorems)g(are)f(v)m(ery)i(general) e(in)g(that)g(they)h(tak)m(e)h Fm(any)e Fv(PIR)h(sc)m(hemes)h(and)f(mo) s(dify)d(them)0 5220 y(to)29 b(form)f(a)i(SPIR)g(sc)m(heme.)43 b(The)31 b(next)f(theorem)f(is)g(pro)m(v)m(en)i(b)m(y)g(taking)d(a)i (particular)d(PIR)j(sc)m(heme,)i(the)0 5340 y(one)h(from)e(Theorem)i (3.7,)f(and)h(mo)s(difying)d(it.)p eop end %%Page: 21 21 TeXDict begin 21 20 bop 0 100 a Fn(Theorem)54 b(7.12.)49 b Fm([34)o(])g(F)-7 b(or)47 b(every)h(c)-5 b(onstant)48 b Fu(k)55 b Fr(\025)e Ft(2)48 b Fm(ther)-5 b(e)48 b(exists)g(a)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g(SPIR)f(scheme)g(with)0 220 y(c)-5 b(ommunic)g(ation)46 b(c)-5 b(omplexity)46 b(and)h(shar)-5 b(e)g(d)46 b(r)-5 b(andomness)46 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2415 184 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2653 220 y Ft(\))h Fm(which)g(works)f(when)h(A)n(lic)-5 b(e)46 b(is)0 340 y(dishonest.)0 574 y Fn(Theorem)29 b(7.13.)36 b Fm([34])28 b(Ther)-5 b(e)28 b(exists)g(a)g Fr(d)p Ft(lg)18 b Fu(n)23 b Ft(+)f(1)o Fr(e)29 b Fm(datab)-5 b(ase)28 b Fu(O)s Ft(\(lg)2548 531 y Fs(2)2604 574 y Fu(n)17 b Ft(lg)h(lg)g Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)28 b(SPIR)g(scheme)f(with)0 695 y(c)-5 b(ommunic)g(ation)30 b(c)-5 b(omplexity)31 b(and)g(shar)-5 b(e)g(d)31 b(r)-5 b(andomness)29 b Fu(O)s Ft(\(lg)2355 652 y Fs(2)2411 695 y Fu(n)17 b Ft(lg)h(lg)f Fu(n)p Ft(\))32 b 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Fv(b)s(e)c(pic)m(k)m(ed)i (from)e Fr(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(N)10 b Fr(g)29 b Fv(at)f(random.)0 1891 y(Let)33 b Fu(z)f Ft(=)c Fu(x)22 b Fr(\010)h Fu(y)t Fv(.)42 b(Then)1198 2003 y Ft(Prob\()p Fu(x)28 b Fr(2)g Ft(QR)22 b Fr(^)g Fu(y)31 b Fr(2)d Ft(QR)g Fr(j)f Fu(z)t Ft(\))84 b(=)27 b(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(4)1198 2124 y(Prob\()p Fu(x)h Fr(2)g Ft(QR)22 b Fr(^)g Fu(y)43 b(=)-61 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(QR)g Fr(j)f Fu(z)t Ft(\))84 b(=)27 b(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(4)1198 2244 y(Prob\()p Fu(x)39 b(=)-60 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(QR)22 b Fr(^)g Fu(y)31 b Fr(2)d Ft(QR)g Fr(j)f Fu(z)t Ft(\))84 b(=)27 b(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(4)1198 2364 y(Prob\()p Fu(x)39 b(=)-60 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(QR)22 b Fr(^)g Fu(y)43 b(=)-61 b Fr(2)28 b Ft(QR)g Fr(j)f Fu(z)t Ft(\))84 b(=)27 b(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(4)146 2534 y Fv(W)-8 b(e)33 b(state)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)d (informally)-8 b(.)0 2711 y Fn(Theorem)37 b(7.15.)42 b Fm([51,)35 b(52)o(])g(If)g(the)g(quadr)-5 b(atic)35 b(r)-5 b(esidue)35 b(pr)-5 b(oblem)34 b(is)h(har)-5 b(d)34 b(and)h(the)g(X)n(OR)g(assumption)0 2832 y(is)47 b(true)h(then)f(ther) -5 b(e)47 b(is)g(a)h(1-DB)e(SPIR)g(of)h(c)-5 b(omplexity)47 b Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)2376 2795 y Fq(\017)2408 2832 y Ft(\))g Fm(wher)-5 b(e)47 b Fu(\017)h Fm(dep)-5 b(ends)46 b(on)h(the)g(p)-5 b(articu-)0 2952 y(lar)43 b(har)-5 b(dness)42 b(assumption)h(for)g(quadr)-5 b(atic)43 b(r)-5 b(esidue)43 b(pr)-5 b(oblem.)69 b(This)42 b(scheme)g(works)h(when)g(A)n (lic)-5 b(e)42 b(is)0 3072 y(dishonest.)146 3249 y Fv(The)32 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)f(Theorem)g(follo)m(ws)f(more)g(generally)f(\(and)i (under)g(w)m(eak)m(er)i(assumptions\))d(from)g(a)g(gen-)0 3370 y(eral)36 b(PIR)i(to)f(SPIR)h(transformation)d(b)m(y)j(Naor)f(and) g(Pink)-5 b(as)37 b([53].)57 b(This)38 b(transformation)d(tak)m(es)j (an)m(y)0 3490 y(PIR)33 b(sc)m(heme)h(and,)g(using)e(a)h(logarithmic)c (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)34 b(of)e(oblivious)f(transfers,)j(turns)g(it)e(in)m (to)g(a)h(\(compu-)0 3611 y(tational\))25 b(SPIR)j(sc)m(heme.)43 b(Since)27 b(PIR)h(implies)d(OT,)j(w)m(e)g(get)g(that)f(in)g(the)h 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(collude)g(to)g(\034nd)h(out)f(an)m(ything)h(ab)s(out)f Fu(x)p Fv(.)0 4979 y Fn(Theorem)d(7.16.)36 b Fm([33])28 b(Assume)g(ther)-5 b(e)29 b(exists)f(a)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)f Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(PIR)g(scheme.)42 b(Assume)28 b(further)h(that)0 5099 y(the)g(only)h(queries)e(that)i(A)n (lic)-5 b(e)29 b(asks)g(ar)-5 b(e)29 b(of)g(the)g(form)g(\020give)g(me) f Fr(\010)2440 5114 y Fq(a)p Fo(2)p Fq(T)2580 5099 y Fu(x)2635 5114 y Fq(a)2678 5099 y Fm(\021)36 b(Then)29 b(ther)-5 b(e)29 b(is)g(a)g Ft(\()p Fu(t)10 b Ft(+)g(1\))p Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)0 5220 y Ft(2)p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)35 b(PIR)g(scheme)f(such)i(that)f(if)h(any)f Fu(t)h Fm(datab)-5 b(ases)34 b(c)-5 b(ol)5 b(lude)35 b(they)g(stil)5 b(l)36 b(c)-5 b(annot)35 b(de)-5 b(duc)g(e)34 b(anything)0 5340 y(ab)-5 b(out)35 b Fu(x)p Fm(.)p eop end %%Page: 22 22 TeXDict begin 22 21 bop 0 100 a Fm(Pr)-5 b(o)g(of)43 b(sketch:)160 b Fv(W)-8 b(e)42 b(will)d(do)j(the)g Fu(t)h Ft(=)g(2)f Fv(case;)47 b(the)42 b(generalization)d(is)i(ob)m(vious.)71 b(The)42 b(databases)0 220 y(will)25 b(b)s(e)i(called)g Fu(D)s(B)741 184 y Fs(1)736 245 y(1)780 220 y Fu(;)17 b(D)s(B)987 184 y Fs(1)982 245 y(2)1026 220 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)1233 184 y Fs(2)1228 245 y(1)1272 220 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)1479 184 y Fs(2)1474 245 y(2)1518 220 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)1725 184 y Fs(3)1720 245 y(1)1764 220 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)1971 184 y Fs(3)1966 245 y(2)2010 220 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(D)s(B)2392 184 y Fq(k)2387 245 y Fs(1)2434 220 y Fu(;)g(D)s(B)2641 184 y Fq(k)2636 245 y Fs(2)2683 220 y Fv(.)42 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b Ft(1)i Fr(\024)g Fu(j)33 b Fr(\024)c Fu(k)h Fv(the)e(database)0 340 y Fu(D)s(B)163 293 y Fq(j)158 365 y Fs(1)238 340 y Fv(will)37 b(ha)m(v)m(e)j(a)e(random)g(string)g Fu(r)1441 293 y Fq(j)1438 365 y Fs(1)1516 340 y Fr(2)g(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1862 304 y Fq(n)1947 340 y Fv(and)39 b Fu(D)s(B)2306 293 y Fq(j)2301 365 y Fs(2)2381 340 y Fv(will)d(ha)m(v)m(e)k Fu(r)2849 293 y Fq(j)2846 365 y Fs(2)2924 340 y Fv(suc)m(h)h(that)d 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b(the)h(answ)m(er)h(to)f(her)f(query)-8 b(.)45 b(Note)33 b(that)f(this)g(tak)m(es)i Ft(2)p Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))e Fv(bits.)0 1370 y Fc(\003)146 1490 y Fv(The)48 b(pap)s(er)e(also)g(considers)h(the)g(case)h(where)f (one)g(of)f(the)h(databases)h(has)f Fu(x)g Fv(but)f(the)h(others,)0 1611 y(ev)m(en)c(if)e(they)h(w)m(ork)h(together,)h(cannot)e(obtain)e (an)m(y)j(information)38 b(ab)s(out)j Fu(x)p Fv(.)72 b(This)41 b(is)h(called)e(\020total)0 1731 y(indep)s(endence\021)0 1937 y Fn(Theorem)k(7.17.)i Fm([33)o(])41 b(Assume)g(ther)-5 b(e)40 b(exists)h Fr(P)49 b Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)40 b Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)h(PIR)f(scheme.)62 b(Then)40 b(ther)-5 b(e)41 b(is)f(a)0 2057 y Ft(2)p Fu(k)28 b Ft(+)c(1)p Fm(-DB)38 b Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))17 b(lg)g Fu(n)p Fm(-bit)39 b(SPIR)f(scheme)f(such)h(that)h(one)f(of)g(the)h (datab)-5 b(ase)37 b(has)h Fu(x)h Fm(and)f(al)5 b(l)38 b(the)h(r)-5 b(est,)0 2178 y(even)34 b(if)h(they)g(c)-5 b(ol)5 b(lude,)34 b(c)-5 b(annot)34 b(le)-5 b(arn)34 b(anything)h(ab)-5 b(out)35 b Fu(x)p Fm(.)0 2469 y Fk(7.4)130 b Fj(t)p Fk(-priv)-7 b(ate)45 b(PIR)f(Sc)l(hemes)0 2655 y Fv(In)37 b(the)h(basic)e(mo)s(del)g(w)m(e)h(assumed)h(that)f(none)g (of)f(the)i(databases)g(talk)e(to)g(eac)m(h)i(other.)57 b(Chor)37 b(et)g(al.)0 2775 y(raised)k(the)h(question)g(of)e(what)i (happ)s(ens)g(if)f(some)g(of)g(the)g(databases)i(talk)d(to)h(eac)m(h)h (other.)70 b(A)42 b(PIR)0 2895 y(sc)m(heme)33 b(is)e Fu(t)p Fv(-priv)-5 b(ate)31 b([22])h(if)e(no)i(subset)h(of)f Fu(t)g Fv(of)f(them)g(can)i(determine)e(an)m(ything)h(ab)s(out)f Fu(i)p Fv(.)43 b(Note)32 b(that)0 3016 y(standard)h(PIR)g(sc)m(hemes)h (are)e(1-priv)-5 b(ate.)146 3137 y(Let)33 b Fu(k)s(;)17 b(t)28 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fv(.)119 3368 y(1.)49 b(Chor)36 b(et)f(al.)g([22)o(])h(sho)m(w)g(that)g(there)g(is)f(a)g Fu(t)p Fv(-priv)-5 b(ate,)35 b Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(tn)2757 3332 y Fq(t=k)2860 3368 y Ft(\))f Fv(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h([22].)52 b(This)244 3488 y(pap)s(er)32 b(uses)i(p)s(olynomial)29 b(in)m(terp)s(olation.)119 3694 y(2.)49 b(Ishai)32 b(and)h(Kushilevitz)e([40,)h(10])h(ha)m(v)m(e)g (sho)m(wn)h(the)f(follo)m(wing.)41 b(Let)33 b Fu(d)f Fv(b)s(e)h(suc)m(h)h(that)927 4011 y Fu(k)d Ft(=)c(min)1292 3870 y Fl(\032)16 b(\026)1441 4011 y Fu(dt)22 b Fr(\000)1659 3943 y Fu(d)g Ft(+)g Fu(t)g Fr(\000)h Ft(3)p 1659 3988 377 4 v 1823 4079 a(2)2045 3870 y Fl(\027)2120 4011 y Fu(;)17 b(dt)22 b Fr(\000)g Fu(t)h Ft(+)f(1)g Fr(\000)g Ft(\()p Fu(d)28 b Ft(mo)s(d)f(2\))3115 3870 y Fl(\033)3190 4011 y Fu(:)244 4302 y Fv(Then)34 b(there)g(is)f(a)g Fu(t)p Fv(-priv)-5 b(ate,)33 b Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1814 4266 y Fs(2)1853 4221 y Fl(\000)1899 4258 y Fq(k)1905 4336 y(t)1937 4221 y Fl(\001)1983 4302 y Fu(n)2041 4266 y Fs(1)p Fq(=d)2152 4302 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)i(sc) m(heme.)47 b(This)33 b(pap)s(er)h(uses)h(linear)244 4422 y(algebra)c(and)i(secret)h(sharing)e([56)o(].)119 4628 y(3.)49 b(Beimel)33 b(and)i(Ishai)g([9,)g(10])g(sho)m(w)h(that)f(there) h(is)e(a)h Fu(t)p Fv(-priv)-5 b(ate,)35 b Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3085 4592 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fo(b)q Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))p Fq(=t)q Fo(c)3502 4628 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)244 4748 y(sc)m(heme.)60 b(This)38 b(pap)s(ers)h(uses)g(p)s(olynomials)c(in)i(a)g(manner)h (similar)c(to)k(that)f(of)g(Theorem)i(3.10,)244 4869 y(com)m(bined)g(with)g(secret)i(sharing)d([56].)64 b(The)41 b(tec)m(hnique)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(seen)g(as)g(a)f(precursor)h(to)g(the)244 4989 y(pro)s(of)32 b(of)g(Theorem)g(3.10.)119 5195 y(4.)49 b(Blundo)33 b(et)h(al)e([16)o(])i(sho)m(w)h(that)e(there)h(is)f(a)g Fu(t)p Fv(-priv)-5 b(ate,)33 b Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)2765 5123 y Fr(p)p 2847 5123 59 4 v 2847 5195 a Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)e(PIR)i(sc)m(heme.)48 b(This)244 5315 y(uses)34 b(blo)s(c)m(ks)f(of)f(bits)g(and)h(X)m(OR.)f(The)i (result)e(is)g(of)g(in)m(terest)h(when)h Fu(t)28 b(>)f(k)s(=)p Ft(2)p Fv(.)p eop end %%Page: 23 23 TeXDict begin 23 22 bop 0 100 a Fk(7.5)130 b(PIR's)44 b(with)g(Prepro)t(cessing)0 295 y Fv(In)33 b(all)d(of)i(the)h(PIR)f(sc) m(hemes)i(discussed)g(in)e(the)h(prior)e(sections)i(the)g(database)f (has)h(to)f(do)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))g Fv(w)m(ork,)0 415 y(usually)e(taking)g(the)h(X)m(OR)g(of)g Fu(n)g Fv(bits.)42 b(Can)31 b(the)h(amoun)m(t)e(of)g(w)m(ork)i(the)f(database)g(do)s(es)h (b)s(e)f(cut)g(do)m(wn?)0 536 y(This)h(question)g(w)m(as)h(raised)e (and)h(partially)d(answ)m(ered)34 b(b)m(y)f(Beimel)d(et)i(al.)e([13].) 43 b(The)33 b(k)m(ey)g(is)f(that)f(some)0 656 y(X)m(ORs)h(of)e(blo)s(c) m(ks)i(of)e(bits)h(are)g(precomputed)h(and)f(prestored.)44 b(This)31 b(requires)h(additional)c(space.)44 b(The)0 777 y(follo)m(wing)30 b(are)i(kno)m(wn)i(and)f(are)f(pro)m(v)m(en)i(in) e([13].)146 902 y(Let)h Fu(k)e Fr(\025)d Ft(2)k Fv(and)h Ft(0)27 b Fu(<)h(\017)g(<)f Ft(1)p Fv(.)119 1132 y(1.)49 b(There)34 b(is)e(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1165 1096 y Fs(3)1203 1132 y Fu(n)1261 1096 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p 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Ft(\))32 b Fv(comm)m(unication,)e(and)i Fu(k)s Ft(2)2284 1807 y Fq(\013)2366 1843 y Fv(extra)h(bits)f(to)g(store.)119 2073 y(3.)49 b(There)33 b(is)d(a)i Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1164 2037 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fs(+)p Fq(\017)p Fs(\))1415 2073 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)i(sc)m(heme)h (where)f(the)g(databases)g(do)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3374 2037 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fs(+)p Fq(\017)p Fs(\))3625 2073 y Ft(\))f Fv(w)m(ork)244 2194 y(and)46 b(use)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)803 2157 y Fq(O)r Fs(\(1\))952 2194 y Ft(\))f Fv(additional)d(storage.)83 b(This)47 b(follo)m(ws)d(from)h(Item)h(2)f(and)h(a)g(construction)244 2314 y(from)31 b([9,)i(10)o(].)119 2544 y(4.)49 b(Supp)s(ose)30 b(that)f(homomorphic)d(encryption)k(exists.)43 b(Then)30 b(there)g(exists)f(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)g(CPIR)h(sc)m(heme)244 2664 y(with)35 b(p)s(olynomially)c(man)m(y)36 b(extra)g(bits,)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)1973 2628 y Fq(\017)2005 2664 y Ft(\))f Fv(comm)m(unication,)f(and)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3155 2628 y Fs(1)p Fq(=k)r Fs(+)p Fq(\017)3351 2664 y Ft(\))h Fv(w)m(ork.)53 b(This)244 2785 y(follo)m(ws)31 b(from)g(Item)i(2)f(and) h(a)f(generalization)e(of)i(the)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(from)f(Theorem)h (4.3.)0 3106 y Fk(7.6)130 b(Commo)t(dit)l(y)44 b(Based)g(PIR)0 3301 y Fv(In)52 b(the)f(standard)h(mo)s(del)e(of)h(PIR)g(there)i(is)d (a)i(lot)e(of)h(comm)m(unication)d(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)54 b(Alice)c(and)i(the)0 3422 y(databases.)68 b(Bea)m(v)m(er)42 b([5])e(b)s(egan)g(a)g(line)g(of)f(researc)m(h)j(whic)m(h)f(aimed)e(at) h(minimizing)c(direct)k(comm)m(u-)0 3542 y(nication)34 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)j(parties)f(in)e(cryptographic)i(sc)m(hemes.)54 b(The)36 b(main)e(ideas)i(w)m(as)g(that)f(a)h(third)e(part)m(y)0 3663 y(w)m(ould)41 b(b)s(e)g(able)g(to)g(help)g(facilitate)d(the)j(sc)m (heme)i(but)e(w)m(ould)g(not)g(learn)g(an)m(ything)g(\(e.g.,)i(the)f (third)0 3783 y(part)m(y)33 b(migh)m(t)e(just)h(supply)h(random)e(bits) h(to)g(all)f(parties\).)43 b(DiCrescenzo)34 b([28)o(])f(applied)e(this) 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b(ommo)g(dity)34 b(c)-5 b(omplexity)34 b(is)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(n)3261 4704 y Fs(1)p Fq(=k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3464 4740 y Ft(\))p Fm(.)0 5074 y Fn(Theorem)c(7.19.)38 b Fm([5])29 b(Assume)h(the)g(Quadr)-5 b(atic)30 b(R)-5 b(esidue)30 b(pr)-5 b(oblem)29 b(is)h(har)-5 b(d)29 b(\(se)-5 b(e)30 b(De\034nition)e(4.1\).)43 b(L)-5 b(et)0 5195 y Fu(\024)41 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)40 b(a)g(se)-5 b(curity)41 b(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameter.)60 b(Ther)-5 b(e)40 b(is)g(a)g(1-DB)f(PIR)h (scheme)g(wher)-5 b(e)39 b(\(1\))h(The)g(bits)g(send)g(b)-5 b(etwe)g(en)0 5315 y(A)n(lic)g(e)34 b(and)g(the)h(datab)-5 b(ases)34 b(is)h Fu(O)s Ft(\(lg)17 b Fu(n)22 b Ft(+)g Fu(pol)r(y)t Ft(\()p Fu(\024)p Ft(\)\))p Fm(,)34 b(and)g(\(2\))h(the)f (c)-5 b(ommo)g(dity)35 b(c)-5 b(omplexity)34 b(is)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(\024n)p Ft(\))p Fm(.)p eop end %%Page: 24 24 TeXDict begin 24 23 bop 0 100 a Fw(8)155 b(Lo)l(w)l(er)52 b(Bounds)0 321 y Fv(Lo)m(w)m(er)34 b(b)s(ounds)h(on)e(Priv)-5 b(ate)33 b(Information)e(Retriev)-5 b(al)32 b(Proto)s(cols)g(ha)m(v)m (e)j(b)s(een)f(hard)g(to)f(obtain.)45 b(Lo)m(w)m(er)0 441 y(b)s(ounds)34 b(are)f(\(mostly\))f(only)g(kno)m(wn)i(for)f(2-DB)g (proto)s(cols)f(with)g(one)i(round)f(and)g(restrictions)g(on)g(the)0 562 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)g(bits)g(returned)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(database.) 43 b(Ev)m(en)33 b(then,)f(prior)e(to)h(Kerenidis)f(and)h(de)h(W)-8 b(olf)29 b([44])i(all)0 682 y(lo)m(w)m(er)i(b)s(ounds)g(had)f (restrictions)g(on)h(the)g(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)f(answ)m(ers)j(the)e (database)g(could)f(return.)0 978 y Fk(8.1)130 b(Lo)l(w)l(er)45 b(Bounds)f(F)-11 b(or)43 b(2-DB)h(1-Round)f(PIR)h(Sc)l(hemes)0 1166 y Fv(The)33 b(follo)m(wing)d(list)h(summarizes)h(lo)m(w)m(er)h(b)s (ounds)g(results)g(for)f(2-DB)g(1-round)g(PIR)h(sc)m(hemes.)119 1402 y(1.)49 b(Assume)38 b(only)f(linear)f(answ)m(ers)j(are)f(allo)m(w) m(ed.)57 b(\(That)38 b(is,)g(the)g(answ)m(er)h(is)e(an)h(X)m(OR)f(of)g (some)g(of)244 1523 y(the)c(bits)g(of)f(the)h(database\).)45 b(Goldreic)m(h)32 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b(the)g(next)f(result,)h(b)m (y)g(Mann)f([50],)h(is)f(imp)s(ortan)m(t)d(in)j(that)f(it)g(sho)m(ws)j (that)d(priv)-5 b(acy)28 b(do)s(es)h(increase)0 4440 y(the)38 b(costs.)58 b(It)37 b(is)g(also)f(the)i(only)e(b)s(ound)i (that)e(holds)h(for)g(m)m(ulti-round)e(and)i(one)g(of)g(the)h(few)f(b)s (ounds)0 4560 y(\(the)c(only)f(other)h(one)f(is)g(later)g(in)g(this)g (section\))h(that)f(holds)g(for)g Fu(k)k Fv(databases)d(instead)f(of)h (just)f(t)m(w)m(o.)0 4769 y Fn(Theorem)44 b(8.1.)h Fm([50])40 b(L)-5 b(et)41 b Fu(k)h Fr(\025)c Ft(2)j Fm(and)f Fu(\017)f(>)f Ft(0)p Fm(.)62 b(Every)40 b Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fm(-bit)g(PIR)h(scheme)e(wher)-5 b(e)40 b(every)0 4890 y(datab)-5 b(ase)40 b(r)-5 b(e)g(c)g(eives)39 b(the)i(same)f(numb)-5 b(er)40 b(of)h(bits)f(has)g Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))f Fr(\025)f Ft(\()2448 4851 y Fq(k)2487 4827 y Fp(2)p 2420 4867 129 4 v 2420 4924 a Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2585 4890 y Fr(\000)27 b Fu(\017)p Ft(\))17 b(lg)h Fu(n)p Fm(.)63 b(In)40 b(p)-5 b(articular,)42 b(taking)0 5010 y Fu(k)36 b Ft(=)d(2)38 b Fm(and)f Fu(\017)d Ft(=)f(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(2)p Fm(,)38 b(any)f(2-DB)g(PIR)g(scheme)g(wher)-5 b(e)37 b(every)h(datab)-5 b(ase)37 b(r)-5 b(e)g(c)g(eives)37 b(the)h(same)e(numb)-5 b(er)0 5131 y(of)35 b(bits)f(has)h(c)-5 b(omplexity)34 b(at)h(le)-5 b(ast)34 b Ft(3)p Fu(:)p Ft(5)17 b(lg)g Fu(n)p Fm(.)146 5340 y Fv(Itoh)33 b([42])f(pro)m(v)m(es) i(lo)m(w)m(er)f(b)s(ounds)g(on)g(certain)f(t)m(yp)s(es)i(of)e(PIR)h(sc) m(hemes.)p eop end %%Page: 25 25 TeXDict begin 25 24 bop 0 100 a Fn(De\034nition)40 b(8.2.)k Fv(Let)36 b Fu(k)s(;)17 b(n)34 b Fr(2)h Ff(N)p Fv(.)55 b(Let)36 b Ft(\(\()p Fu(q)1661 115 y Fs(1)1700 100 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(q)1962 115 y Fq(k)2005 100 y Ft(\))p Fu(;)g Ft(\()p Fu(AN)10 b(S)2346 115 y Fs(1)2386 100 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(AN)10 b(S)2825 115 y Fq(k)2868 100 y Ft(\))p Fu(;)17 b(\036)p Ft(\))36 b Fv(b)s(e)g(a)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)i(1-r)-5 b(ound)0 220 y Fu(r)s Fm(-r)g(andom)33 b(bit)i(PIR)g(for)f(datab)-5 b(ases)34 b(of)h(size)f Fu(n)h Fm(with)g Fu(m)p Fm(-bit)g(queries)f(and)h Fu(a)p Fm(-bit)g(answers)p Fv(.)119 416 y(1.)49 b(The)31 b(PIR)f(sc)m(heme)h (is)f Fm(line)-5 b(ar)29 b Fv(if,)h(for)f(all)f Fu(j)6 b Fv(,)31 b Ft(1)c Fr(\024)i Fu(j)k Fr(\024)28 b Fu(k)s Fv(,)j(the)f(function)g Fu(AN)10 b(S)3078 431 y Fq(j)3115 416 y Fv(,)31 b(view)m(ed)g(as)f(a)g(func-)244 537 y(tion)d(from)f Fu(Z)739 501 y Fq(m)732 561 y Fs(2)834 537 y Fv(to)h Fu(Z)1022 501 y Fq(a)1015 561 y Fs(2)1092 537 y Fv(is)g(linear)f(in)h (eac)m(h)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)40 b(That)29 b(is,)f(if)f Fu(b)2664 552 y Fs(1)2704 537 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(b)2963 552 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3093 537 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(c;)g(b)3349 552 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3479 537 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3739 552 y Fq(m)3834 537 y Fr(2)244 657 y(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)g Ft(1)p Fr(g)31 b Fv(then)466 866 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)687 881 y Fq(j)724 866 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)803 881 y Fs(1)843 866 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1103 881 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1233 866 y Fu(;)g(b)22 b Ft(+)g Fu(c;)17 b(b)1565 881 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)1695 866 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1955 881 y Fq(m)2022 866 y Ft(\))27 b(=)83 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2467 881 y Fq(j)2504 866 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2583 881 y Fs(1)2623 866 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2883 881 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3013 866 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(b)3183 881 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3313 866 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3573 881 y Fq(m)3640 866 y Ft(\))2087 986 y(+)83 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2467 1001 y Fq(j)2504 986 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2583 1001 y Fs(1)2623 986 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2883 1001 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3013 986 y Fu(;)g(c;)g(b)3184 1001 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3314 986 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(b)3573 1001 y Fq(m)3640 986 y Ft(\))119 1232 y Fv(2.)49 b(Let)30 b Fu(`)d Fr(2)h Ff(N)p Fv(.)43 b(The)30 b(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(is)e Fu(`)p Fv(-)p Fm(multiline)-5 b(ar)28 b Fv(if,)h(for)g(all)e Fu(j)6 b Fv(,)30 b Ft(1)e Fr(\024)g Fu(j)34 b Fr(\024)28 b Fu(k)s Fv(,)i(the)g(function)f Fu(AN)10 b(S)3836 1247 y Fq(j)3873 1232 y Fv(,)244 1352 y(view)m(ed)34 b(as)e(a)h(function)f (from)f Ft(\(\()p Fu(Z)1520 1367 y Fs(2)1559 1352 y Ft(\))1597 1316 y Fq(`)1630 1352 y Ft(\))1668 1316 y Fq(m=`)1831 1352 y Fv(to)h Fu(Z)2024 1316 y Fq(a)2017 1377 y Fs(2)2098 1352 y Fv(is)g(linear)f(in)h(eac)m(h)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)42 b(That)33 b(is,)f(if)244 1513 y Fu(b)285 1528 y Fs(1)325 1513 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)585 1528 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)715 1513 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(c;)g(b)971 1528 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)1101 1513 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(b)1360 1528 y Fq(m=`)1519 1513 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)1855 1477 y Fq(`)1919 1513 y Fv(then)402 1729 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)623 1744 y Fq(j)660 1729 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)739 1744 y Fs(1)779 1729 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1039 1744 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1169 1729 y Fu(;)g(b)22 b Ft(+)g Fu(c;)17 b(b)1501 1744 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)1631 1729 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1891 1745 y Fq(m=`)2022 1729 y Ft(\))27 b(=)83 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2467 1744 y Fq(j)2504 1729 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2583 1744 y Fs(1)2623 1729 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2883 1744 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3013 1729 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(b)3183 1744 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3313 1729 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3573 1745 y Fq(m=`)3704 1729 y Ft(\))2087 1849 y(+)83 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2467 1864 y Fq(j)2504 1849 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2583 1864 y Fs(1)2623 1849 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2883 1864 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3013 1849 y Fu(;)g(c;)g(b)3184 1864 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3314 1849 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(b)3573 1865 y Fq(m=`)3704 1849 y Ft(\))119 2095 y Fv(3.)49 b(Let)39 b Fu(`)h Fr(2)f Ff(N)p Fv(.)65 b(The)40 b(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(is)f Fu(`)p Fv(-)p Fm(a\036ne)f Fv(if,)j(for)d(all)g Fu(j)6 b Fv(,)41 b Ft(1)e Fr(\024)h Fu(j)45 b Fr(\024)40 b Fu(k)s Fv(,)h(the)f(function) f Fu(AN)10 b(S)3836 2110 y Fq(j)3873 2095 y Fv(,)244 2215 y(view)m(ed)35 b(as)f(a)g(function)f(from)g Ft(\(\()p Fu(Z)1527 2230 y Fs(2)1566 2215 y Ft(\))1604 2179 y Fq(`)1637 2215 y Ft(\))1675 2179 y Fq(m=`)1839 2215 y Fv(to)h Fu(Z)2034 2179 y Fq(a)2027 2240 y Fs(2)2109 2215 y Fv(is)f(a\036ne)i(with)e (constan)m(t)i Ft(0)3137 2179 y Fq(`)3204 2215 y Fv(in)e(eac)m(h)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)244 2336 y(That)33 b(is,)f(if)f Fu(b)743 2351 y Fs(1)783 2336 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1043 2351 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1173 2336 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(c;)g(b)1429 2351 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)1559 2336 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1819 2351 y Fq(m=`)1977 2336 y Fr(2)28 b(f)p Ft(0)p Fu(;)17 b Ft(1)p Fr(g)2313 2299 y Fq(`)2378 2336 y Fv(then)382 2552 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)603 2567 y Fq(j)640 2552 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)719 2567 y Fs(1)759 2552 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1019 2567 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)1149 2552 y Fu(;)g(b)22 b Ft(+)g Fu(c;)17 b(b)1481 2567 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)1611 2552 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)1871 2567 y Fq(m=`)2002 2552 y Ft(\))83 b(=)27 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2447 2567 y Fq(j)2485 2552 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2564 2567 y Fs(1)2603 2552 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2863 2567 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2993 2552 y Fu(;)g(b;)g(b)3163 2567 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3293 2552 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3553 2567 y Fq(m=`)3684 2552 y Ft(\))2123 2672 y(+)p Fu(AN)10 b(S)2420 2687 y Fq(j)2457 2672 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2536 2687 y Fs(1)2576 2672 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2836 2687 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2966 2672 y Fu(;)g(c;)g(b)3137 2687 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3266 2672 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3526 2688 y Fq(m=`)3657 2672 y Ft(\))2123 2792 y(+)p Fu(AN)10 b(S)2420 2807 y Fq(j)2457 2792 y Ft(\()p Fu(b)2536 2807 y Fs(1)2576 2792 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)2836 2807 y Fq(p)p Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2966 2792 y Fu(;)g Ft(0)3059 2756 y Fq(`)3091 2792 y Fu(;)g(b)3176 2807 y Fq(p)p Fs(+1)3306 2792 y Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f(;)h(b)3566 2808 y Fq(m=`)3697 2792 y Ft(\))p Fu(:)0 3131 y Fn(Note)58 b(8.3.)51 b Fv(There)h(is)f(a)f Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)h Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1489 3094 y Fs(3)1528 3131 y Fu(n)1586 3094 y Fs(1)p Fq(=k)1699 3131 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(from)e ([40,)h(10)o(,)56 b(Section)50 b(3.2])h(is)g Fu(`)p Fv(-)0 3251 y(m)m(ultilinear)32 b(with)k Fu(`)e Ft(=)g(\()p Fu(k)28 b Fr(\000)d Ft(1\))1216 3215 y Fs(2)1255 3251 y Fv(.)55 b(There)37 b(is)f(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)2245 3215 y Fs(3)2284 3251 y Fu(n)2342 3215 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1)2581 3251 y Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(from)e([40,)h(10,)0 3371 y(Section)c(3.3])h(is)f Fu(`)p Fv(-a\036ne)g(with)g Fu(`)c Ft(=)f(\(2)p Fu(k)e Fr(\000)e Ft(1\)\()p Fu(k)i Fr(\000)d Ft(1\))p Fv(.)146 3568 y(W)-8 b(e)46 b(pro)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(w)m (eak)h(v)m(ersion)f(of)g(a)g(theorem)f(in)g([42])h(and)g(then)h(state)f (sev)m(eral)h(other)f(theorems)0 3688 y(from)31 b([42].)146 3808 y(The)j(follo)m(wing)c(is)i(an)g(information-theoretic)d(argumen)m (t)j(that)g(w)m(e)i(lea)m(v)m(e)f(to)f(the)h(reader.)0 4005 y Fn(Theorem)k(8.4.)42 b Fm([23)o(])35 b(In)f(a)h(1-DB)e(PIR)i (scheme)f(the)h(c)-5 b(omplexity)34 b(is)g(at)h(le)-5 b(ast)35 b Fu(n)p Fm(.)0 4277 y Fn(Theorem)i(8.5.)42 b Fm([42)o(])35 b(A)n(ny)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)f(line)-5 b(ar)34 b(PIR)g(scheme)g(has)g(c)-5 b(omplexity)34 b(at)i(le)-5 b(ast)3172 4200 y Fl(p)p 3272 4200 94 4 v 3297 4238 a Fq(n)p 3282 4254 74 4 v 3282 4312 a Fs(2)p Fq(k)3365 4277 y Fm(.)0 4474 y(Pr)g(o)g(of.)48 b Fv(Assume,)34 b(b)m(y)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(of)e(con)m(tradiction,)f(that)i(there)g(is)f(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)h(linear)e(PIR)i(sc)m(heme)0 4594 y Fn(KEY)41 b(IDEAS:)h(Using)g(linearit)m(y)e(Alice)g(can)j(reconstruct)f(the)g (answ)m(ers)h(to)f(an)m(y)h(queries)0 4714 y(she)53 b(w)m(an)m(ts.)93 b(This)52 b(enables)g(her)g(to)g(obtain)g(a)g(1-DB)g(sublinear)f(PIR)g (sc)m(heme,)56 b(whic)m(h)0 4835 y(con)m(tradicts)36 b(Theorem)h(8.4.)0 4955 y Ft(\(\()p Fu(q)119 4970 y Fs(1)159 4955 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(q)420 4970 y Fq(k)463 4955 y Ft(\))p Fu(;)g Ft(\()p Fu(AN)10 b(S)804 4970 y Fs(1)844 4955 y Fu(;)17 b(:)g(:)g(:)e(;)i(AN)10 b(S)1283 4970 y Fq(k)1326 4955 y Ft(\))p Fu(;)17 b(\036)p Ft(\))31 b Fv(with)f(complexit)m(y)2249 4878 y Fl(p)p 2349 4878 94 4 v 2374 4916 a Fq(n)p 2359 4932 74 4 v 2359 4989 a Fs(2)p Fq(k)2442 4955 y Fv(.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)31 b(will)e(assume)i(that) g Fu(q)3449 4970 y Fq(j)3516 4955 y Fv(returns)h(a)0 5075 y(string)f(of)g(length)f Fu(m)767 5090 y Fq(j)836 5075 y Fv(and)h(that)g Fu(AN)10 b(S)1455 5090 y Fq(j)1524 5075 y Fv(returns)32 b(a)f(string)g(of)g(length)f Fu(a)2672 5090 y Fq(j)2709 5075 y Fv(.)43 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(will)d(use)j(this)f(to) g(build)f(a)0 5196 y(1-DB)i(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)h(of)e(complexit)m(y)g Fu(<)27 b(n)p Fv(,)33 b(whic)m(h)g(con)m(tradicts)g(Theorem)g(8.4.)0 5340 y Fn(1-DB)k(PIR)f(Sc)m(heme)p eop end %%Page: 26 26 TeXDict begin 26 25 bop 119 100 a Fv(1.)49 b(Alice)31 b(has)i Fu(i)p Fv(.)44 b(The)33 b(database)g(has)g Fu(x)p Fv(.)44 b(Alice)32 b(generates)h Fu(\032)g Fv(at)f(random)g(and)h (forms)e(the)i(queries)244 265 y Fu(q)287 280 y Fs(1)327 265 y Ft(\()p Fu(i;)17 b(\032)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)g(q)617 280 y Fs(2)656 265 y Ft(\()p Fu(i;)g(\032)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)g(:)g(:)g(:)f (;)h(q)1121 280 y Fq(k)1164 265 y Ft(\()p Fu(i;)g(\032)p Ft(\))p Fv(.)43 b(Alice)32 b(do)s(es)h(not)f(send)i(an)m(ything!)119 476 y(2.)49 b(The)33 b(database)g(returns)h(the)f(follo)m(wing:)244 852 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)465 867 y Fs(1)505 852 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(10)740 815 y Fq(m)802 824 y Fp(1)837 815 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)931 852 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)32 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)1249 867 y Fs(1)1290 852 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(010)1574 815 y Fq(m)1636 824 y Fp(1)1670 815 y Fo(\000)p Fs(2)1764 852 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)33 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2083 867 y Fs(1)2123 852 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0010)2456 815 y Fq(m)2518 824 y Fp(1)2552 815 y Fo(\000)p Fs(3)2646 852 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)33 b Fu(:)17 b(:)g(:)o Fv(,)33 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)3139 867 y Fs(1)3179 852 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0)3365 815 y Fq(m)3427 824 y Fp(1)3462 815 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3556 852 y Ft(1\))p Fv(,)244 972 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)465 987 y Fs(2)505 972 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(10)740 936 y Fq(m)802 945 y Fp(2)837 936 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)931 972 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)32 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)1249 987 y Fs(2)1290 972 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(010)1574 936 y Fq(m)1636 945 y Fp(2)1670 936 y Fo(\000)p Fs(2)1764 972 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)33 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2083 987 y Fs(2)2123 972 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0010)2456 936 y Fq(m)2518 945 y Fp(2)2552 936 y Fo(\000)p Fs(3)2646 972 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)33 b Fu(:)17 b(:)g(:)o Fv(,)33 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)3139 987 y Fs(2)3179 972 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0)3365 936 y Fq(m)3427 945 y Fp(2)3462 936 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3556 972 y Ft(1\))p Fv(,)244 1092 y(.)f(.)g(.)244 1213 y Fu(AN)10 b(S)465 1228 y Fq(k)508 1213 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(10)743 1177 y Fq(m)805 1189 y Fd(k)843 1177 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)938 1213 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)32 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)1256 1228 y Fq(k)1300 1213 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(010)1584 1177 y Fq(m)1646 1189 y Fd(k)1683 1177 y Fo(\000)p Fs(2)1778 1213 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)32 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)2096 1228 y Fq(k)2140 1213 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0010)2473 1177 y Fq(m)2535 1189 y Fd(k)2572 1177 y Fo(\000)p Fs(3)2667 1213 y Ft(\))p Fv(,)32 b Fu(:)17 b(:)g(:)p Fv(,)32 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)3159 1228 y Fq(k)3203 1213 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b Ft(0)3389 1177 y Fq(m)3451 1189 y Fd(k)3489 1177 y Fo(\000)p Fs(1)3583 1213 y Ft(1\))p Fv(.)119 1424 y(3.)49 b(\(This)30 b(is)f(the)h(real)f(k)m(ey)-8 b(.\))44 b(Since)30 b(the)g(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)h(is)f(linear)e(Alice)g (can,)j(for)e(ev)m(ery)j Fu(j)6 b Fv(,)30 b Ft(1)e Fr(\024)g Fu(j)34 b Fr(\024)28 b Fu(k)s Fv(,)244 1544 y(deduce)34 b Fu(AN)10 b(S)790 1559 y Fq(j)827 1544 y Ft(\()p Fu(x;)17 b(q)1007 1559 y Fq(j)1044 1544 y Ft(\()p Fu(i;)g(\032)p Ft(\)\))p Fv(.)119 1755 y(4.)49 b(Alice)31 b(can)i(easily)f(compute)g Fu(\036)h Fv(and)f(hence)i Fu(x)1939 1770 y Fq(i)1968 1755 y Fv(.)146 1994 y(This)24 b(PIR)h(sc)m(heme)g(sends)h(a)d(total)g (of)g Fu(m)1620 2009 y Fs(1)1660 1994 y Fu(a)1711 2009 y Fs(1)1755 1994 y Ft(+)5 b Fu(m)1921 2009 y Fs(2)1961 1994 y Fu(a)2012 2009 y Fs(2)2056 1994 y Ft(+)g Fr(\001)17 b(\001)g(\001)s Ft(+)5 b Fu(m)2424 2009 y Fq(k)2466 1994 y Fu(a)2517 2009 y Fq(k)2584 1994 y Fv(bits.)40 b(Hence)26 b(w)m(e)f(are)f(in)m(terested)h(in)0 2114 y(the)k(maxim)m(um)d(v)-5 b(alue)863 2040 y Fl(P)968 2066 y Fq(k)968 2144 y(j)t Fs(=1)1111 2114 y Fu(m)1196 2129 y Fq(j)1233 2114 y Fu(a)1284 2129 y Fq(j)1349 2114 y Fv(can)29 b(tak)m(e)g(on.)42 b(W)-8 b(e)28 b(kno)m(w)i(that)2524 2040 y Fl(P)2629 2066 y Fq(k)2629 2144 y(j)t Fs(=1)2756 2114 y Ft(\()p Fu(m)2879 2129 y Fq(k)2935 2114 y Ft(+)14 b Fu(a)3076 2129 y Fq(k)3119 2114 y Ft(\))27 b Fr(\024)3290 2037 y Fl(p)p 3389 2037 94 4 v 3415 2075 a Fq(n)p 3399 2092 74 4 v 3399 2149 a Fs(2)p Fq(k)3483 2114 y Fv(.)42 b(One)29 b(can)0 2259 y(sho)m(w)h(that)f(the)g(maxim)m(um)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(that)h Fu(m)1603 2274 y Fs(1)1643 2259 y Fu(a)1694 2274 y Fs(1)1748 2259 y Ft(+)15 b Fu(m)1924 2274 y Fs(2)1964 2259 y Fu(a)2015 2274 y Fs(2)2069 2259 y Ft(+)g Fr(\001)i(\001)g(\001)c Ft(+)i Fu(m)2467 2274 y Fq(k)2510 2259 y Fu(a)2561 2274 y Fq(k)2604 2259 y Fv(,)29 b(giv)m(en)2912 2185 y Fl(P)3017 2211 y Fq(k)3017 2288 y(j)t Fs(=1)3143 2259 y Ft(\()p Fu(m)3266 2274 y Fq(k)3324 2259 y Ft(+)15 b Fu(a)3466 2274 y Fq(k)3509 2259 y Ft(\))27 b Fr(\024)3680 2182 y Fl(p)p 3779 2182 94 4 v 3805 2220 a Fq(n)p 3789 2236 74 4 v 3789 2294 a Fs(2)p Fq(k)3873 2259 y Fv(,)0 2395 y(o)s(ccurs)33 b(when,)h(for)e(all)e Fu(j)6 b Fv(,)33 b Ft(1)27 b Fr(\024)i Fu(j)k Fr(\024)28 b Fu(k)s Fv(,)33 b Fu(a)1498 2410 y Fq(j)1562 2395 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(m)1751 2410 y Fq(j)1816 2395 y Ft(=)1919 2318 y Fl(p)p 2019 2318 129 4 v 2061 2355 a Fq(n)p 2029 2372 109 4 v 2029 2429 a Fs(4)p Fq(k)2103 2410 y Fp(2)2147 2395 y Fv(.)43 b(In)33 b(this)g(case)g(w)m(e)h(get)146 2516 y Fu(m)231 2531 y Fs(1)271 2516 y Fu(a)322 2531 y Fs(1)384 2516 y Ft(+)22 b Fu(m)567 2531 y Fs(2)607 2516 y Fu(a)658 2531 y Fs(2)719 2516 y Ft(+)g Fr(\001)17 b(\001)g(\001)k Ft(+)h Fu(m)1139 2531 y Fq(k)1182 2516 y Fu(a)1233 2531 y Fq(k)1303 2516 y Ft(=)28 b Fu(k)s Ft(\()p Fu(n=)p Ft(4)p Fu(k)s Ft(\))f(=)h Fu(n=)p Ft(4)f Fu(<)h(n)p Fv(.)146 2638 y(This)33 b(is)f(a)g(con)m(tradiction.)p 3829 2638 4 66 v 3833 2576 59 4 v 3833 2638 V 3891 2638 4 66 v 146 2847 a(Theorem)h(8.5)f(is)g(tigh)m(t)g(since)h(Theorem)g (6.2)f(has)h(a)f(2-DB)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()2485 2775 y Fr(p)p 2568 2775 59 4 v 72 x Fu(n)p Ft(\))p Fv(-bit)f(PIR)i(linear)e(sc)m (heme.)146 2969 y(In)i(Theorem)g(8.5)g(the)g Fu(k)j Fv(can)d(b)s(e)g (replaced)f(b)m(y)i(an)f Fu(k)25 b Fr(\000)e Ft(1)32 b Fv(b)m(y)i(allo)m(wing)c(the)j(\034rst)g(query)h(to)f(b)s(e)g(sen)m (t)0 3089 y(and)g(answ)m(ered.)45 b(Using)32 b(this,)g(and)h (generalizing)d(the)j(pro)s(of,)f(one)h(can)g(pro)m(v)m(e)h(the)e (follo)m(wing.)0 3300 y Fn(Theorem)38 b(8.6.)k Fm([42)o(])36 b(L)-5 b(et)35 b Fu(k)s(;)17 b(`)29 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fm(.)47 b(L)-5 b(et)36 b Fu(\017)29 b(>)g Ft(0)p Fm(.)46 b(L)-5 b(et)36 b Fr(P)44 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)35 b(any)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)g Fu(`)p Fm(-multiline)-5 b(ar)34 b(PIR)h(scheme.)0 3421 y(L)-5 b(et)35 b Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))g Fm(b)-5 b(e)34 b(its)h(c)-5 b(omplexity.)44 b(F)-7 b(or)34 b(almost)g(al)5 b(l)35 b Fu(n)p Fm(,)g Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))27 b Fr(\025)h Ft(\(1)p Fu(=)p Ft(\()p Fu(k)d Fr(\000)e Ft(1\))2696 3385 y Fs(1)p Fq(=`)p Fs(+1)2911 3421 y Fr(\000)g Fu(\017)p Ft(\))p Fu(n)3146 3385 y Fs(1)p Fq(=`)p Fs(+1)3340 3421 y Fm(.)146 3632 y Fv(Theorem)29 b(8.6)e(is)h(not)g(tigh)m(t.)41 b(There)30 b(is)d(an)h Ft(\()p Fu(k)17 b Fr(\000)c Ft(1\))2026 3596 y Fs(2)2065 3632 y Fv(-)28 b(m)m(ultilinear)c(PIR)29 b(sc)m(heme)g(in)f([40)o(,)h(10)o(,)g(Section)0 3752 y(3.2])j(that)h(has)f(complexit)m(y)g Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1235 3716 y Fs(3)1274 3752 y Fu(n)1332 3716 y Fs(1)p Fq(=k)1445 3752 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)44 b(The)33 b(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)g (implied)c(b)m(y)34 b(Theorem)f(8.6)f(is)1224 3911 y Fl(\020)1611 3954 y Ft(1)p 1293 3998 684 4 v 1293 4090 a(\()p Fu(k)26 b Fr(\000)c Ft(1\))1594 4061 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))1847 4042 y Fp(2)1883 4061 y Fs(+1)2009 4021 y Fr(\000)h Fu(\017)2148 3911 y Fl(\021)2208 4021 y Fu(n)2266 3980 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))2519 3957 y Fp(2)2555 3980 y Fs(+1)2649 4021 y Fu(:)146 4298 y Fv(The)34 b(pro)s(of)d(can)i (b)s(e)g(further)g(generalized)f(to)g(sho)m(w)i(the)e(follo)m(wing.)0 4509 y Fn(Theorem)40 b(8.7.)j Fm([42)o(])37 b(L)-5 b(et)37 b Fu(k)s(;)17 b(`)32 b Fr(2)g Ff(N)p Fm(.)51 b(L)-5 b(et)38 b Fu(\017)32 b(>)f Ft(0)p Fm(.)51 b(L)-5 b(et)38 b Fr(P)45 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)37 b(any)g Fu(k)s Fm(-DB)f Fu(`)p Fm(-a\036ne)g(PIR)h (scheme.)50 b(L)-5 b(et)0 4629 y Fu(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))35 b Fm(b)-5 b(e)34 b(its)h(c)-5 b(omplexity.)44 b(F)-7 b(or)34 b(almost)g(al)5 b(l)35 b Fu(n)g(\013)q Ft(\()p Fu(n)p Ft(\))27 b Fr(\025)h Ft(\()2268 4590 y Fs(1)p 2109 4606 353 4 v 2109 4667 a(\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))2292 4647 y Fp(1)p Fd(=`)p Fp(+1)2494 4629 y Fr(\000)23 b Fu(\017)p Ft(\))p Fu(n)2729 4593 y Fs(1)p Fq(=`)p Fs(+1)2923 4629 y Fm(.)146 4857 y Fv(Theorem)43 b(8.6)f(is)g(not)h(tigh)m(t.)72 b(There)44 b(is)e(an)h Ft(\(2)p Fu(k)31 b Fr(\000)f Ft(1\)\()p Fu(k)i Fr(\000)d Ft(1\))p Fv(-)42 b(a\036ne)h(PIR)g(sc)m(heme)g(in)f ([40,)g(10,)0 4978 y(Section)32 b(3.3])h(that)f(has)h(complexit)m(y)f Fu(O)s Ft(\()p Fu(k)1577 4942 y Fs(3)1615 4978 y Fu(n)1673 4942 y Fs(1)p Fq(=k)1787 4978 y Ft(\))p Fv(.)43 b(The)34 b(lo)m(w)m(er)e(b)s(ound)h(implied)d(b)m(y)j(Theorem)g(8.6)f(is)1022 5136 y Fl(\020)1501 5179 y Ft(1)p 1092 5224 868 4 v 1092 5315 a(\()p Fu(k)25 b Fr(\000)e Ft(1\))1393 5286 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\)\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\)+1)1992 5247 y Fr(\000)f Fu(\017)2130 5136 y Fl(\021)2190 5247 y Fu(n)2248 5206 y Fs(1)p Fq(=)p Fs(\(2)p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\)\()p Fq(k)r Fo(\000)p Fs(1\))2719 5182 y Fp(2)2756 5206 y Fs(+1)2850 5247 y Fu(:)p eop end %%Page: 27 27 TeXDict begin 27 26 bop 0 100 a Fw(9)155 b(Op)t(en)52 b(Problems)119 329 y Fv(1.)d(Find)38 b(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)h(PIR)g(sc)m (heme)h(that)f(uses)h(less)f(than)g Fu(n)2299 292 y Fq(O)r Fs(\(lg)13 b(lg)g Fq(k)r(=k)g Fs(lg)f Fq(k)r Fs(\))2818 329 y Fv(bits.)62 b(The)40 b(authors)f(of)f([12])244 449 y(claim)k(that)j(their)f(metho)s(d,)k(prop)s(erly)c(formalized,)i (migh)m(t)e(yield)g(a)g Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)h Fu(n)3268 413 y Fq(O)r Fs(\(1)p Fq(=k)3460 389 y Fp(2)3495 413 y Fs(\))3572 449 y Fv(sc)m(heme;)244 569 y(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)g(it)40 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)g(pushed)h(further)f(than)g(that.)68 b(Hence)43 b(one)e(plausible)e(goal)g(is)i(to)f(use)244 690 y(their)e(metho)s(d)f(\(or)h(others\))h(to)f(obtain)f(a)i Fu(k)s Fv(-DB)f Fu(n)2191 654 y Fq(O)r Fs(\(1)p Fq(=k)2383 630 y Fp(2)2418 654 y Fs(\))2488 690 y Fv(sc)m(heme.)62 b(W)-8 b(e)39 b(conjecture)g(that)f(this)244 810 y(can)33 b(b)s(e)f(done.)119 1038 y(2.)49 b(The)33 b(only)e(lo)m(w)m(er)h(b)s (ounds)h(kno)m(wn)g(are)f(on)g(fairly)e(restrictiv)m(e)i(mo)s(dels.)42 b(It)32 b(is)f(op)s(en)i(to)e(pro)m(v)m(e)i(an)m(y)244 1158 y(b)s(ounds)38 b(on)g(an)g(unrestricted)h(mo)s(del.)57 b(W)-8 b(e)39 b(conjecture)g(that)e Fu(n)2683 1122 y Fs(\002\(1)p Fq(=k)2874 1099 y Fp(2)2909 1122 y Fs(\))2979 1158 y Fv(is)g(b)s(oth)h(an)g(upp)s(er)g(and)244 1278 y(lo)m(w)m(er)33 b(b)s(ound.)119 1506 y(3.)49 b(All)33 b(kno)m(wn)j(PIR)f(sc)m(hemes)i(are)e(1-round.)50 b(W)-8 b(e)35 b(conjecture)h(that)f(if)e(there)j(is)e(a)h Fu(k)s Fv(-DB,)g 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b(Univ)m(ersal)25 b(service-pro)m(viders)h(for)e(priv)-5 b(ate)25 b(information)189 4422 y(retriev)-5 b(al.)42 b FB(Journal)33 b(of)f(Cryptolo)-5 b(gy)p FD(,)30 b(14\(1\),)h(2001.)41 b(Earlier)32 b(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(in)f(PODS)i(1998.)0 4577 y([29])49 b(G.)36 b(DiCrescenzo,)j(T.)d(Malkin,)i(and)e(R.)g(Ostro)m(vsky)-8 b(.)57 b(Single)37 b(database)g(priv)-5 b(ate)37 b(information)g (retriev)-5 b(al)189 4690 y(implies)31 b(oblivious)g(transfer.)41 b(In)30 b FB(EUR)n(OCR)-7 b(YPT00)p FD(,)29 b(2000.)0 4846 y([30])49 b(J.)c(F)-8 b(eigen)m(baum.)85 b(Encrypting)46 b(problem)f(instances,)j(or,)g(...)d(can)g(y)m(ou)f(tak)m(e)h(adv)-5 b(an)m(tage)46 b(of)e(someone)189 4959 y(without)39 b(ha)m(ving)f(to)g (trust)g(him?)85 b(In)37 b FB(Pr)-5 b(o)g(c.)40 b(of)f(the)g(5th)g(IA)n (CR)f(Conf.)f(on)i(Crypto)f(\(LNCS)g(V)-7 b(ol)39 b(218\))p FD(,)189 5072 y(pages)31 b(477\025488,)h(1985.)0 5227 y([31])49 b(L.)c(F)-8 b(ortno)m(w)47 b(and)e(M.)f(Szegedy)-8 b(.)83 b(On)45 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y(h)m(ttp://searc)m(h.ieice.org/2001/ind)q(ex.h)m(tm)q(.)0 3759 y([43])49 b(J.)38 b(Katz)g(and)f(L.)h(T)-8 b(revisan.)61 b(On)37 b(the)h(e\036ciency)g(of)e(lo)s(cal)i(deco)s(ding)g(pro)s (cedures)f(for)g(error-correcting)189 3872 y(co)s(des.)k(In)30 b FB(Pr)-5 b(o)g(c.)33 b(of)f(the)h(32th)f(A)n(CM)g(Sym.)f(on)h(The)-5 b(ory)33 b(of)f(Computing)p FD(,)e(2000.)0 4030 y([44])49 b(I.)30 b(Kerenidis)i(and)e(R.)g(de)h(W)-8 b(olf.)41 b(Exp)s(onen)m(tial)32 b(lo)m(w)m(er)g(b)s(ound)e(for)h(2-query)f(lo)s (cally)g(deco)s(dable)i(co)s(des.)40 b(In)189 4143 y FB(Pr)-5 b(o)g(c.)34 b(of)e(the)h(35th)f(A)n(CM)g(Sym.)f(on)h(The)-5 b(ory)33 b(of)f(Computing)p FD(,)e(pages)g(106\025115,)i(2003.)0 4301 y([45])49 b(D.)31 b(Kesdogan,)h(M.)e(Borning,)i(and)f(M.)f(Sc)m (hmeink.)43 b(Unobserv)-5 b(able)31 b(sur\034nd)g(on)g(the)g(w)m(orld)h (wide)f(w)m(eb:)42 b(is)189 4414 y(priv)-5 b(ate)31 b(information)h (retriev)-5 b(al)31 b(an)g(alternativ)m(e)h(to)f(the)f(MIX)g(based)g (approac)m(h?)53 b(In)30 b 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b(2000.)p eop end %%Page: 31 31 TeXDict begin 31 30 bop 0 100 a FD([49])49 b(C.)85 b(Lin.)203 b(Surv)m(ey)85 b(of)f(priv)-5 b(ate)85 b(information)h(retriev)-5 b(al)85 b(systems,)97 b(2001.)203 b(A)-10 b(v)-5 b(ailable)85 b(at)189 213 y(www.cs.umd.edu/)-23 b Fa(~)h FD(gasarc)m(h/pap)s(ers)35 b(under)c(Masters)f(Studen)m(ts.)0 363 y([50])49 b(E.)31 b(Mann.)41 b FB(Private)33 b(ac)-5 b(c)g(ess)34 b(to)e(distribute)-5 b(d)33 b(information)p FD(.)39 b(PhD)31 b(thesis,)f(T)-8 b(ec)m(hnion)32 b(\025)f(Israel)f(Institute)g(of)189 476 y(T)-8 b(ec)m(hnology)g(,)34 b(Haifa,)c(1998.)41 b(Masters)30 b(Thesis.)0 626 y([51])49 b(S.)33 b(Mishra.)47 b FB(Symmetric)-5 b(al)5 b(ly)34 b(Private)h(Information)e(R)-5 b(etrieval)p FD(.)48 b(PhD)33 b(thesis,)g(Indian)g(Statistical)h (Insti-)189 739 y(tute,)d(Calcutta,)h(2000.)41 b(A)-10 b(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(at)f (citeseer.nj.nec.com/kumarmishra00symmetrically)-8 b(.h)n(tml.)0 889 y([52])49 b(S.)43 b(Mishra)f(and)g(P)-8 b(.)43 b(Sark)-5 b(ar.)76 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b(cur)g(e)35 b(c)-5 b(omputation)p FD(,)31 b(pages)g(168\025177,)g(1978.)0 1942 y([56])49 b(A.)30 b(Shamir.)42 b(Ho)m(w)31 b(to)f(share)h(a)f (secret.)41 b FB(Communic)-5 b(ations)31 b(of)h(the)h(A)n(CM)p FD(,)d(22,)g(1979.)0 2092 y([57])49 b(J.)32 b(Stern.)43 b(A)31 b(new)g(and)h(e\036cien)m(t)g(all-or-nothing)i(disclosure)d(of)g (secrets)g(proto)s(col.)43 b(In)31 b FB(Asia)h(Crypt)h(1998)189 2205 y(\(LNCS)e(1514\)\))p FD(,)g(pages)f(357\025371,)i(1998.)0 2355 y([58])49 b(G.)37 b(V.)f(W)-8 b(ee.)59 b(Impro)m(v)m(ed)38 b(sphere)f(b)s(ounds)f(on)h(the)g(co)m(v)m(ering)h(radius)f(of)f(co)s (des.)59 b FB(IEEE)38 b(T)-7 b(r)i(ans.)37 b(Inform.)189 2468 y(The)-5 b(ory)p FD(,)31 b(IT-34:237\025245,)h(1988.)0 2619 y([59])49 b(A.)43 b(Y)-8 b(amam)m(ura)45 b(and)e(T.)f(Saito.)78 b(Priv)-5 b(ate)44 b(information)g(retriev)-5 b(al)43 b(based)g(on)g(subgroup)g(mem)m(b)s(ership)189 2731 y(problem.)f(In)30 b FB(Pr)-5 b(o)g(c.)34 b(of)e(the)g(6th)h(A)n(ustr)-5 b(alasian)32 b(Conf.,)f(A)n(CISP)g(2001)p FD(,)g(2001.)0 2882 y([60])49 b(A.)26 b(Y)-8 b(ao.)33 b(An)25 b(application)i(of)e (comm)m(unication)k(complexit)m(y)d(to)g(cryptograph)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(1990.)k(Lecture)27 b(DIMA)m(CS)189 2995 y(W)-8 b(orkshop)31 b(on)g(Structural)h(Complexit)m(y)f(and)g(Cryptograph)m(y) -8 b(.)p eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF